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. 2025 May 1;16:1493520. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1493520

Table 1.

Characteristics of study subjects and their fetuses.

Variables Total (n=48900) Normal (n=37598) APO P
All APO (n=11302) PTB (n=2506) LBW (n=1855) Macrosomia (n=1797) SGA (n=3036) LGA (n=6182)
Maternal age, year ( x¯ ± s ) 30.2 ± 4.4 30.1 ± 4.3 30.6 ± 4.5 30.8 ± 4.6 30.5 ± 4.5 31.1 ± 4.6 29.5 ± 4.2 31.2 ± 4.6 <0.001
Elderly parturient, n (%) <0.001
Yes 8304 (17.0) 6031 (16.0) 2273 (20.1) 539 (21.5) 348 (18.8) 413 (23.0) 368 (12.1) 1487 (24.1)
No 40596 (83.0) 31567 (84.0) 9029 (79.9) 1967 (78.5) 1507 (81.2) 1384 (77.0) 2668 (87.9) 4695 (75.9)
Gravidity, n (%) <0.001
1 19724 (40.4) 15435 (41.1) 4289 (37.9) 963 (38.4) 837 (45.1) 542 (30.2) 1659 (54.6) 1783 (28.8)
2 14981 (30.6) 11581 (30.8) 3400 (30.1) 767 (30.6) 508 (27.4) 578 (32.2) 771 (25.4) 1997 (32.3)
≥3 14195 (29.0) 10582 (28.1) 3613 (32.0) 776 (31.0) 510 (27.5) 677 (37.6) 606 (20.0) 2402 (38.9)
Parity, n (%) <0.001
1 27307 (55.8) 21276 (56.6) 6031 (53.4) 1405 (56.1) 1165 (62.8) 805 (44.8) 2176 (71.7) 2646 (42.8)
2 19945 (40.8) 15102 (40.2) 4843 (42.8) 1016 (40.5) 651 (35.1) 899 (50.0) 808 (26.6) 3228 (52.2)
≥3 1648 (3.4) 1220 (3.2) 428 (3.8) 85 (3.4) 39 (2.1) 93 (5.2) 52 (1.7) 308 (5.0)
Assisted reproduction, n (%) <0.001
Yes 1044 (2.1) 754 (2.1) 290 (2.6) 80 (3.2) 51 (2.7) 56 (3.1) 57 (1.9) 167 (2.7)
No 47856 (97.9) 36844 (97.9) 11012 (97.4) 2426 (96.8) 1804 (97.3) 1741 (96.9) 2979 (98.1) 6015 (97.3)
Gestational hypertension, (%) <0.001
Yes 964 (2.0) 695 (1.8) 269 (2.4) 81 (3.2) 72 (3.9) 34 (1.9) 91 (3.0) 117 (1.9)
No 47936 (98.0) 36903 (98.2) 11033 (97.6) 2425 (96.8) 1783 (96.1) 1763 (98.1) 2945 (97.0) 6065 (98.1)
Gestational thyroid disorders, n (%) 0.95
Yes 2361 (4.8) 1817 (4.8) 544 (4.8) 122 (4.9) 97 (5.2) 77 (4.3) 159 (5.2) 279 (4.5)
No 46539 (95.2) 35781 (95.2) 10758 (95.2) 2384 (95.1) 1758 (94.8) 1720 (95.7) 2877 (94.8) 5903 (95.5)
Delivery mode, n (%) <0.001
Eutocia 32225 (65.9) 25700 (68.4) 6525 (57.7) 1411 (56.3) 976 (52.6) 834 (46.4) 2074 (68.3) 3256 (52.7)
Cesarean 16675 (34.1) 11898 (31.6) 4777 (42.3) 1095 (43.7) 879 (47.4) 963 (53.6) 962 (31.7) 2926 (47.3)
Infant sex, n (%) 0.52
Male 26348 (53.9) 20228 (53.8) 6120 (54.1) 1453 (58.0) 851 (45.9) 1236 (68.8) 1641 (54.1) 3326 (53.8)
Female 22552 (46.1) 17370 (46.2) 5182 (45.9) 1053 (42.0) 1004 (54.1) 561 (31.2) 1395 (45.9) 2856 (46.2)

APO, adverse pregnancy outcomes; PTB, preterm birth; LBW, low birth weight; SGA, small for gestational age; LGA, large for gestational age. P represents the comparison of the normal group (column 3) with all APO group (column 4), using either the Chi-square test or the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test. Bold represents P values less than 0.05.