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. 2025 May 1;16:1493520. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1493520

Table 3.

Binary logistic regression analysis of association between mid-pregnancy plasma glucose levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Variable n (%) Crude Adjusted
OR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) P
GDM <0.001 <0.001
No 37562 (76.8) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Yes 11338 (23.2) 1.26 (1.20-1.32) 1.19 (1.14-1.25)
OGTT 0h <0.001 <0.001
<5.1 mmol/L 43547 (89.1) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
≥5.1 mmol/L 5353 (10.9) 1.24 (1.16-1.32) 1.18 (1.11-1.26)
OGTT 1h <0.001 <0.001
<10 mmol/L 43626 (89.2) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
≥10 mmol/L 5274 (10.8) 1.36 (1.27-1.45) 1.28 (1.20-1.37)
OGTT 2h <0.001 <0.001
<8.5 mmol/L 44198 (90.4) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
≥8.5 mmol/L 4702 (9.6) 1.33 (1.24-1.42) 1.24 (1.16-1.33)
OGTT groups
Group 1 37562 (76.8) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Group 2 3908 (8.0) 1.18 (1.10-1.28) <0.001 1.14 (1.06-1.24) <0.001
Group 3 5985 (12.2) 1.24 (1.17-1.32) <0.001 1.18 (1.10-1.25) <0.001
Group 4 1445 (3.0) 1.56 (1.39-1.74) <0.001 1.42 (1.26-1.59) <0.001
P for trend <0.001 <0.001

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test. Group 1 represents normal plasma glucose at 0h, 1h and 2h; Group 2 represents abnormal plasma glucose at 0h, but normal plasma glucose at 1h and 2h; Group 3 represents normal plasma glucose at 0h, but abnormal plasma glucose at 1h or 2h; Group 4 represents abnormal plasma glucose at 0h, 1h or 2h. Adjusted for maternal age, gravidity, parity, assisted reproduction, gestational hypertension, gestational thyroid disorders, delivery mode and infant sex. Bold represents P values less than 0.05.