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. 2025 May 1;16:1493520. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1493520

Table 5.

Binary logistic regression analysis of association between mid-pregnancy plasma glucose levels and adverse pregnancy outcomes (excluded participants with elderly parturient, assisted reproduction, gestational hypertension, and gestational thyroid disorders).

Variable n (%) Crude Adjusted
OR (95%CI) P OR (95%CI) P
GDM <0.001 <0.001
No 29805 (79.6) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Yes 7618 (20.4) 1.20 (1.13-1.27) 1.17 (1.10-1.24)
OGTT 0h <0.001 <0.001
<5.1 mmol/L 33682 (90.0) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
≥5.1 mmol/L 3741 (10.0) 1.18 (1.09-1.28) 1.15 (1.06-1.24)
OGTT 1h <0.001 <0.001
<10 mmol/L 34067 (91.0) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
≥10 mmol/L 3356 (9.0) 1.37 (1.26-1.48) 1.33 (1.23-1.44)
OGTT 2h <0.001 <0.001
<8.5 mmol/L 34573 (92.4) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
≥8.5 mmol/L 2850 (7.6) 1.28 (1.17-1.39) 1.24 (1.14-1.36)
OGTT groups
Group 1 29805 (79.6) 1 (Ref) 1 (Ref)
Group 2 2892 (7.7) 1.10 (1.00-1.20) 0.048 1.07 (0.98-1.17) 0.14
Group 3 3877 (10.4) 1.19 (1.10-1.29) <0.001 1.17 (1.08-1.26) <0.001
Group 4 849 (2.3) 1.61 (1.39-1.87) <0.001 1.54 (1.32-1.78) <0.001
P for trend <0.001 <0.001

GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test. Group 1 represents normal plasma glucose at 0h, 1h and 2h; Group 2 represents abnormal plasma glucose at 0h, but normal plasma glucose at 1h and 2h; Group 3 represents normal plasma glucose at 0h, but abnormal plasma glucose at 1h or 2h; Group 4 represents abnormal plasma glucose at 0h, 1h or 2h. Adjusted for maternal age, gravidity, parity, delivery mode and infant sex. Bold represents P values less than 0.05.