Table 2.

Risk factors for poor bereavement outcomes and the support needs of bereaved refugees.

Risk factors according to the ring theory of personhood	Bereavement support needs
Innate ring Female sex (36–39) Older/advanced age (36–38) Religious belief Female and older individuals with multiple traumatic events or deaths in the context of the loss of culture and support (13) Comorbidity and other medical conditions such as depression, anxiety, and disability (12, 13, 36, 38, 40, 41)	Better diagnostics (e.g., culturally sensitive) tools for early grief symptoms detection (12, 13, 40) Culture-adopted grief-focused interventions (12, 13, 36, 38, 40) The utility of diagnostic criteria of prolonged criteria (41) Medical examination upon their arrival (38, 40) Better mental health and culturally sensitive assessment tools (39) Bereavement rituals support (42) Psycho-cultural support (42) Maintaining cultural, traditional, and religious belief support (12, 13) Family support (37, 39, 43) Social (42) and community support (37, 39, 43) Psychological support with increased counseling (13) and mental health services access (36, 38) Grief-focused interventions/strategies (13, 38, 40) Alternatives for mental healthcare due to mental health stigma (39)
Individual ring Cultural beliefs and values (9, 39, 41) Not being able to join bereavement rituals (39, 42) Traumatic event: the number of traumatic events (12) and deaths (9) Individual beliefs regarding the deaths of close ones (42)
Relational ring Multiple traumatic events and deaths, including the first-degree relatives (40, 42) Being eldest sibling (42) Having children (12) Being not married (36) Uncertainty about close one (39)
Societal ring Difficulties in social and professional integration in the new countries (39, 42) Social integration difficulties such as social isolation and bad living conditions (36, 40) Loss of their connection with close ones and social networks (39) Political and administrative issues related to migration (39, 40, 42) Longer immigration duration (9, 42) Having trust issues with the host country (36) Feeling discriminated against in the society (36) Economic and financial issues (42) Unemployment (36, 40) Uncertainty about residential status (39) The lack of health service access (39)