Skip to main content
. 2025 May 1;19:1504628. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1504628

Table 2.

Monocular vs. binocular analysis.

N = 17 Monocular Mean ± SD Binocular Mean ± SD p (t-test) Monocular Median [range] Binocular Median [range] p (Wilcoxon)
Early Perifoveal Vision Latency (ms) 165 ± 11 152 ± 11 < 0.0001 164 [144–182] 150 [132–176] < 0.0001
Acceleration (deg/s2) 117 ± 18 124 ± 16 0.0244* 116 [82–148.5] 124 [86–152] 0.0149
Late Foveal Vision Gain 0.87 ± 0.08 0.86 ± 0.10 0.3405 0.90 [0.71–0.99] 0.86 [0.61–0.97] 0.3220
Visual Motion Precision Direction Noise (◦) 9.5 ± 2.6 8.8 ± 3.2 0.0509 9.1 [5.6–14.3] 7.8 [5.0–15.5] 0.0389
Speed Noise (%) 15.6 ± 2.7 15.3 ± 3.3 0.3233 15.4 [10.9–20.2] 15.1 [10.5–24.1] 0.2698
Visual Motion Accuracy Direction Anisotropy 0.26 ± 0.11 0.35 ± 0.15 0.0676 0.24 [0.06–0.46] 0.35 [0.00–0.61] 0.106
Direction Asymmetry 0.05 ± 0.13 0.12 ± 0.14 0.0692 0.05 (−0.22–0.32) 0.13 [−0.14–0.38] 0.0485
Speed Responsiveness 0.53 ± 0.25 0.55 ± 0.22 0.2739 0.52 [0.18–0.93] 0.59 [0.12–0.88] 0.3777
Subcortical Vision Saccade Rate (Hz) 3.49 ± 0.73 3.06 ± 0.83 0.0010 3.51 [2.26–4.72] 3.23 [1.63–4.38] 0.0015
Saccade Amplitude (deg) 1.48 ± 0.48 1.27 ± 0.40 0.0015 1.50 [0.84–2.39] 1.15 [0.79–2.27] 0.0013
Saccade Dispersion (◦) 16.8 ± 7.1 16.0 ± 7.5 0.4422 15.7 [10.1–41.4] 14.1 [8.3–38.8] 0.3683
Proportion Smooth 0.78 ± 0.05 0.82 ± 0.08 0.0038* 0.76 [0.71–0.91] 0.79 [0.76–1.00] 0.0020
Pupillary Response Contraction τ (ms) 178 ± 22 162 ± 25 0.0398* 176 [147–221] 156 [127–222] 0.0314
Dilation τ (ms) 924 ± 439 677 ± 286 0.0330* 756 [485–2028] 588 [309–1,363] 0.0135
Pupil Diameter (mm) 3.4 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.3 0.0012 3.3 [2.7–3.8] 2.9 [2.3–3.5] 0.0010
Brainstem Saccade Generator Main Sequence
Slope (Hz)
43.8 ± 8.9 39.2 ± 7.6 0.0116 45.0 [28.1–59.7] 40.7 [24.9–50.7] 0.0194
Main Sequence
Intercept (deg/s)
29.0 ± 10.2 31.9 ± 11.6 0.2866 29.9 [12.7–44.5] 32.2 [9.9–60.8] 0.3060
Localization Fixation Error (deg) 0.57 ± 0.16 0.59 ± 0.40 0.7845 0.51 [0.36–0.89] 0.55 [0.18–1.88] 0.5394

This table shows the means and standard deviations as well as the medians and ranges across subjects of our 18 oculometric measures under monocular and binocular viewing along with parametric (t-test) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon test) comparisons. p-values with an asterisk indicate t-tests for which the normality criterion was not met. Bolded p-values indicate significant effects (p < 0.05).