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. 2025 May 1;19:1504628. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1504628

Table 4.

Dominant vs. binocular analysis.

N = 16 Dominant Mean ± SD Binocular Mean ± SD p (t-test) Dominant Median [range] Binocular Median [range] p (Wilcoxon)
Early Perifoveal Vision Latency (ms) 165 ± 12 150 ± 10 <0.0001* 167 [144–188] 149 [132–172] <0.0001
Acceleration (deg/s2) 123 ± 20 126 ± 13 0.1915 127 [85–153] 126 [96–152] 0.2799
Late Foveal Vision Gain 0.89 ± 0.08 0.87 ± 0.08 0.3520 0.90 [0.73–1.01] 0.86 [0.71–0.97] 0.4484
Visual Motion Precision Direction Noise (◦) 8.6 ± 2.3 8.4 ± 2.3 0.3678 8.6 [5.3–12.1] 7.8 [5.0–15.5] 0.365
Speed Noise (%) 15.2 ± 3.1 15.3 ± 3.4 0.4225 15.3 [9.4–19.6] 14.7 [10.5–24.1] 0.445
Visual Motion Accuracy Direction Anisotropy 0.29 ± 0.13 0.34 ± 0.15 0.3281 0.29 [0.00–0.55] 0.34 [0.00–0.61] 0.4257
Direction Asymmetry 0.04 ± 0.17 0.11 ± 0.13 0.0553 0.09 (−0.27–0.26) 0.12 [−0.14–0.38] 0.0717
Speed Responsiveness 0.49 ± 0.28 0.57 ± 0.22 0.0810 0.43 [0.13–1.00] 0.59 [0.12–0.88] 0.0776
Subcortical Vision Saccade Rate (Hz) 3.54 ± 0.74 3.04 ± 0.86 0.0041 3.65 [2.27–4.85] 3.17 [1.63–4.38] 0.0042
Saccade Amplitude (deg) 1.44 ± 0.56 1.25 ± 0.40 0.0118 1.43 [0.74–2.52] 1.14 [0.79–2.27] 0.0162
Saccade Dispersion (◦) 16.6 ± 6.7 16.1 ± 7.8 0.5769 15.1 [11.4–39.3] 13.9 [8.3–38.8] 0.411
Proportion Smooth 0.77 ± 0.06 0.82 ± 0.08 0.0051 0.76 [0.67–0.90] 0.79 [0.76–1.00] 0.0061
Pupillary Response Contraction τ (ms) 181 ± 34 160 ± 25 0.0466* 175 [137–245] 155 [127–222] 0.0792
Dilation τ (ms) 1,065 ± 743 673 ± 295 0.0325* 721 [485–2,869] 584 [309–1,363] 0.0715
Pupil Diameter (mm) 3.3 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.3 0.0001 3.4 [2.6–3.9] 2.8 [2.3–3.5] <0.0001
Brainstem Saccade Generator Main Sequence
Slope (Hz)
42.7 ± 7.8 38.9 ± 7.7 0.0443* 42.2 [30.3–54.9] 39.8 [24.9–50.7] 0.0522
Main Sequence
Intercept (deg/s)
27.9 ± 10.1 30.1 ± 9.2 0.3509 29.3 [10.5–41.3] 31.35 [9.9–43.6] 0.3825
Localization Fixation Error (deg) 0.57 ± 0.17 0.51 ± 0.22 0.3822 0.53 [0.40–1.14] 0.47 [0.18–0.98] 0.3755

This table shows the means and standard deviations as well as the medians and ranges across subjects of our 18 oculometric measures under dominant and binocular viewing along with parametric (t-test) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon test) comparisons. p-values with an asterisk indicate t-tests for which the normality criterion was not met. Bolded p-values indicate significant effects (p < 0.05).