TABLE 2.

Transcriptional regulators of the HOG pathway

Protein	Family	Function	Evidence	Reference(s)
Sko1/Acr1p	bZIP, CREB	Repressor; also needed for activation from CREs (target genes in Table 3)	Hog1p target in vitro and in vivo; genetic evidence, promoter association	481
Msn2p/Msn4p	Zinc finger	Activator; binds to STREs (CCCCT) and mediates protein kinase A-dependent gene expression	Target genes depend on Hog1p under osmotic stress; STRE-dependent reporter depends on Msn2p/Msn4p and HOG pathway	501, 533
Hot1p	Novel helix-loop-helix	Activator; present together with Hog1p on some target promoters; needed for normal expression of some genes (Table 4)	Interaction with Hog1p, Hog1p-dependent phosphorylation, promoter association	9, 503
Smp1	MADS box	Activator	Hog1p target	F. Posas, personal communication
Msn1p	Novel helix-loop-helix	Activator; also involved in pseudohyphal growth and many more processes	Required for full expression of some Hog1p targets	503
Sgd1p	Zinc finger	Putative activator	Overexpression suppresses hog1Δ and pbs2Δ osmosensitivity	4
Gen4p	bZIP	Activator; required for stimulated expression of genes under general amino acid control	Required for Hog1p-dependent activation of HAL1 expression from CRE	455
Skn7p	Heat shock factor	Activator; involved in numerous cellular processes, such as oxidative stress response and cell wall metabolism	Part of Sln1p-Ypd1p phosphorelay, activates hypo-osmotic genes	69