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. 2025 Apr 4;44(5):1919–1926. doi: 10.1007/s10067-025-07408-w

Table 2.

Multiple logistic regression for duration of glucocorticoid use in relation to mild, moderate, or severe cervical spine deformity at 10-year follow-up

Multivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) P-value
Model 1 for cases of mild, moderate, or severe (AAS > 2 mm and/or SAS > 2 mm) (n1 = 272)
Duration of glucocorticoid use (years)† 1.19 (1.03, 1.38) 0.02
Duration of glucocorticoid use (years) + average DAS score‡ 1.17 (1.01, 1.36) 0.04
Model 2 for cases of moderate or severe (AAS ≥ 3 mm in flexion) (n2 = 109)
Duration of glucocorticoid use (years) † 1.24 (0.92, 1.67) 0.16
Duration of glucocorticoid use (years) + average DAS score‡ 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) 0.16
Model 3 for severe (AAS ≥ 5 mm in flexion or neutral) (n3 = 107)
Duration of glucocorticoid use (years) † 1.57 (1.09, 2.28) 0.02
Duration of glucocorticoid use (years) + average DAS score‡ 1.53 (1.05–2.24) 0.03

All three models for the three different outcomes of cervical spine deformity (AAS or SAS > 2 mm; AAS ≥ 3 mm; AAS ≥ 5 mm) were adjusted for age at baseline, sex (male or female), anti-CCP positivity, rheumatoid factor positivity, and baseline DAS score

Adjusted for the previous multivariable model plus mean DAS during the 10-year follow-up

*Abbreviations: DAS, Disease Activity Score; AAS, Atlantoaxial Subluxation; SAS, subaxial subluxation