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. 2025 May 2;10(18):18428–18443. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10743

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© 2025 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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3D extrusion printability and buildability of the synthesized hydrogel inks (3A5G0.25H, 3A5G0.5H, and 3A5G0.75H). Panels (a–c) represent the successfully fabricated matrix-shaped graft of different infill densities with a well-maintained pore integrity for all of the hydrogel-based compositions. (d) The flexibility, foldability, and stability of the matrix-shaped grafts are essential to mimic the viscoelastic property of the native tissue. Panels (e, g) represent the evidence of successful 3D printing on certain substrates like Petri dishes and cell culture well plates. (f) 3D buildability by the formation of bulk 3D construct up to 62 layers and 2 cm height.