TABLE 2.

Select Perfusion and Neuronal Signaling Radiotracers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Application	Radiotracer	Mechanism/target	Status	Reference
Perfusion	18F-flurpiridaz	Mitochondrial complex 1	Phase 3 clinical	( 10 , 13 – 16 )
	18F-rhodamine 6G	Mitochondrial membrane voltage sensor	Initial clinical evaluations	( 20 )
	18F-fluorophenyltriphenylphosphonium	Mitochondrial membrane voltage sensor	Initial clinical evaluations	( 21 )
	123I-CMICE-013	Mitochondrial complex 1	Initial clinical evaluations	( 22 )
	123I-ZIROT	Mitochondrial complex 1	Preclinical	( 23 )
Neuronal signaling
Presynaptic
	123I-MIBG	Norepinephrine transporter	FDA-approved for prognostication in heart failure	( 35 , 38 , 39 , 45 , 61 )
	11C-HED	Norepinephrine transporter	Clinical evaluations	( 34 , 36 , 37 , 48 , 49 )
	11C-epinephrine	Norepinephrine transporter	Initial clinical evaluations	( 48 )
	11C-phenylephrine	Norepinephrine transporter	Initial clinical evaluations	( 48 )
	18F-FBBG	Norepinephrine transporter	Initial clinical evaluations	( 54 , 55 )
	18F-4F-MHPG, 18F-3F-PHPG	Norepinephrine transporter	Initial clinical evaluations	( 58 )
	18F-MFBG	Norepinephrine transporter	Initial clinical evaluations	( 56 , 57 )
Postsynaptic
	11C-CGP-12177, 11C-CGP-12388	β-receptor antagonists	Initial clinical evaluations	( 37 , 49 , 59 – 61 )
	11C-GB67	α1-receptor antagonist (prazosin analog)	Initial clinical evaluations	( 63 , 64 )
Parasympathetic
	11C-donepezil	Acetylcholinesterase antagonist	Initial clinical evaluations	( 65 )
	11C-methylquinuclidinyl benzilate	Muscarinic receptor antagonist	Initial clinical evaluations	( 40 )
	2-deoxy-2-18F-fluoro-d-glucose-A85380	Selective α4β2 nicotinic receptor agonist	Initial clinical evaluations	( 67 )
	18F-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol	Vesicular acetylcholine transporter	Initial clinical evaluations	( 69 )

¹⁸F-4F-MHPG = 4-¹⁸F-fluoro-meta-hydroxyphenethylguanidine; ¹⁸F-3F-PHPG = 3-¹⁸F-fluoro-para-hydroxyphenethylguanidine; FDA = Food and Drug Administration.