Table 3.

Summary of Metabolic Biomarkers and Evaluation Methods in Patients with FS

Author	Study Design	Participants	Experimental Groups	Measured Biomarker	Sample Type	Analysis Method
Salek et al.[27]	Case-control	Not specified	Control group and experimental group	Fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, HbA1c, serum triglycerides	Blood	Not specified
Sung et al. [33]	Case-control	1,200 (900 control, 300 experimental)	FS group and control group	Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol	Serum	Not specified
Schiefer et al. [34]	Case-control	Not specified	Patients with FS and other conditions	TSH, free T4	Serum	Not specified
Safran et al. [35]	Case study	Not specified	Patients with FS	Fasting plasma glucose	Plasma	Compared with prevalence in the general population
Chan et al. [36]	Case series	24,417	Retrospective	Cumulative HbA1c	Not specified	Logistic regression analysis
Park et al.[39]	Case–control	604 (151 experimental, 453 control)	FSG and control group	Lipid profile, thyroid hormones, fasting glucose, HbA1c, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein	Serum	Scale and categorical data analysis
Mertens et al. [40]	Cross-sectional	70 (35 experimental, 35 control)	Patients with and without FS	Blood glucose, HbA1c	Capillary blood	A1 CNow + system based on finger prick sampling
Chen B et al. [41]	Mendelian randomization	Not specified	Not specified	Proteins associated with diabetes and FS	Plasma	Protein–protein interaction networks, colocalization analysis

Abbreviations: HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin, LDL Low-density lipoproteins, HDL High-density lipoproteins, TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4 Thyroxine, FSG Frozen shoulder group