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. 2025 May 15;15:16981. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-00312-y

Table 1.

Differentially abundant metabolites selected between the BL and HA urine samples.

S. No Metabolites p Value FC VIP
1 Dihydrocaffeic acid 3-sulfate 0.000325 2.067 2.241
2 2-[3,5-dihydroxy-4-(sulfooxy)phenyl]acetic acid 0.001291 2.918 1.386
3 2-Tetrahydrothiopheneacetic acid 5.98E-05 3.589 2.438
4 Promazine 5-sulfoxide 0.000469 2.832 2.194
5 (1S,2S,4R)-1,8-Epoxy-p-menthan-2-ol glucoside 0.000117 4.301 2.135
6 Abacavir 2.69E-05 2.460 1.960
7 Trihomomethionine 0.000332 2.708 2.205
8 Methylxanthine 0.002985 3.950 1.690
9 Abietin 2.21E-05 3.041 2.270
10 p-Coumaric acid sulphate 0.001976 2.269 1.360
11 4,4′-Thiobis-2-butanone 5.80E−05 3.093 2.413
12 2-Hydroxyacetaminophen sulphate 0.000319 3.357 2.297
13 Etilevodopa 6.21E−05 2.770 2.265
14 1-Methyluric acid 0.003521 4.060 1.574
15 Tixocortol 0.000151 3.122 2.167
16 Ecgonine methyl ester 0.004361 2.011 1.801
17 Lycopsamine 0.001622 2.053 1.528
18 4,7-Dihydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-5-yl hexopyranosiduronic acid 0.0021 2.101 2.234
19 1-Benzyl-7,8-dimethoxy-3-phenyl-3H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]isoquinoline 0.000381 3.390 2.353
20 Dihomomethionine 0.000127 2.863 2.151
21 Dopamine 4-sulfate 1.21E−05 0.494 1.650
22 Azelaic acid 0.002116 0.456 1.997
23 Octanoylcarnitine 0.000275 0.440 2.004
24 Octanoylglucuronide 0.001587 0.437 1.687
25 Desethylchloroquine 0.002584 0.433 1.777
26 2-Hexenoylcarnitine 0.000543 0.429 1.510
27 4-Vinylphenol sulfate 0.003494 0.425 1.663
28 N-Acetyltryptophan 0.00155 0.424 1.919
29 Tetradecanedioic acid 0.00112 0.319 1.673
30 Trans-2-Dodecenoylcarnitine 0.001194 0.311 1.951
31 N-Acetyl-S-2-hydroxyethyl-l-cysteine 0.003307 0.305 1.960
32 N2-Acetylornithine 0.001668 0.249 1.689
33 Hydroxyisovaleroyl carnitine 0.000272 0.148 2.228

FC, fold change; VIP, variable importance in projection.