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. 2025 May 15;15:16890. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01487-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 7 — Biplot of Principal Component Analysis for main variables (Nitrogen Use Efficiency [NUE]; Grain yield [Grain]; maize vegetative biomass production [Biomass]; mean soil NO₃^--N content at 0.3 m depth [soil_NO3]; mean soil NH₄⁺-N content at 0.3 m depth [soil_NH4]; mean soil Water Filled Pore Space content at 0.3 m depth [WFPS]; cumulative N₂O emissions [N2O]; cumulative NH₃ volatilisation [NH3] and cumulative NO₃^--N leaching losses [NO3_leaching]) as arrows, and clustered treatments (“Ante” [A], blue; “Ante + Post” [A + P], orange and “Post” [P], grey).