Table 2.
Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle among participants of the COVID supplementary study in ELSA-Brasil by beverage consumption (2020–2021).
| Variables | Beverage consumption on the previous day | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soft drink or soda | Sugar-sweetened artificial beverages | Industrialized juices | Coffee with sugar/ sweetener | Coffee without sugar | ||||||
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | |
| Gender (n = 4,375) | ||||||||||
| Male | 371 (47.1) | 1,486 (40.7) | 660 (47.1) | 1,197 (39.4) | 360 (48.2) | 1,497 (40.5) | 1,092 (42.3) | 765 (41.1) | 509 (39.5) | 1,348 (42.7) |
| Female | 417 (52.9) | 2,168 (59.3) | 741 (52.9) | 1844 (60.6) | 387 (51.8) | 2,198 (59.5) | 1,487 (57.7) | 1,098 (58.9) | 778 (60.5) | 1807 (57.3) |
| p valuea | p = 0.001* | p = <0.001* | p = <0.001* | p = 0.405 | p = 0.052 | |||||
| Age (years) (n = 4,357) | ||||||||||
| 60.9 ± 8.7 | 62.3 ± 8.6 | 61.2 ± 8.7 | 62.4 ± 8.5 | 61.5 ± 8.8 | 62.1 ± 8.6 | 62.5 ± 8.7 | 61.4 ± 8.4 | 62.0 ± 8.4 | 62.0 ± 8.7 | |
| p valuea | p = <0.001* | p = <0.001* | p = 0.059 | p = <0.001* | p = 0.770 | |||||
| Race (n = 4,318) | ||||||||||
| White | 444 (58.1) | 2033 (57.2) | 782 (57.5) | 1,695 (57.3) | 414 (56.9) | 2063 (57.4) | 1,308 (52.2) | 1,169 (64.6) | 856 (68.4) | 1,621 (52.9) |
| Black, Brown, Yellow, and Indigenous | 320 (41.9) | 1,521 (42.8) | 577 (42.5) | 1,264 (42.7) | 313 (43.1) | 1,528 (42.6) | 1,200 (47.8) | 641 (35.4) | 395 (31.6) | 1,446 (47.1) |
| p valuea | p = 0.658 | p = 0.895 | p = 0.805 | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
| Per capita income (US$) (n = 4,346) | ||||||||||
| 739,6 ± 532,8 | 827,1 ± 597,4 | 766,5 ± 565,6 | 832,3 ± 596,0 | 791,0 ± 595,2 | 815,8 ± 585,8 | 715,7 ± 530,7 | 943,4 ± 634,2 | 1,003,2 ± 660,3 | 733,0 ± 535,3 | |
| p valuea | p = <0.001* | p = 0.001* | p = 0.299 | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
| Employment status (n = 4,416) | ||||||||||
| Employed/ Working | 501 (63.8) | 2,111 (58.1) | 877 (62.8) | 1735 (57.5) | 462 (62.0) | 2,150 (58.6) | 1,430 (55.8) | 1,182 (63.8) | 802 (62.8) | 1810 (57.7) |
| Retired | 284 (36.2) | 1,520 (41.9) | 519 (28.8) | 1,285 (42.5) | 283 (38.0) | 1,521 (41.4) | 1,134 (44.2) | 670 (36.2) | 476 (37.2) | 1,328 (42.3) |
| p valuea | p = 0.003* | p = 0.001* | p = 0.086 | p < 0.001* | p = 0.002* | |||||
| Remote work (n = 2,608) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 367 (73.3) | 1,655 (78.5) | 643 (73.5) | 1,379 (79.6) | 339 (73.7) | 1,683 (78.4) | 1,022 (71.7) | 1,000 (84.6) | 705 (87.9) | 1,317 (72.9) |
| No | 134 (26.7) | 452 (21.5) | 232 (26.5) | 354 (20.4) | 121 (26.3) | 465 (21.6) | 404 (28.3) | 182 (15.4) | 97 (12.1) | 489 (27.1) |
| p valuea | p = 0.012* | p = 0.001* | p = 0.031* | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
| Screen time behavior | ||||||||||
| Below the median (≤6 h/d) | 402 (51.0) | 2092 (57.3) | 733 (52.3) | 1761 (57.9) | 394 (52.7) | 2,100 (56.8) | 1,559 (60.4) | 935 (50.2) | 645 (50.1) | 1849 (58.6) |
| Above the median (> 6 h/d) | 386 (49.0) | 1,562 (42.7) | 668 (47.7) | 1,280 (42.1) | 353 (47.3) | 1,595 (43.2) | 1,020 (39.6) | 928 (49.8) | 642 (49.9) | 1,306 (41.4) |
| p valuea | p = 0.002* | p < 0.001* | p = 0.043* | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
| Physical activity behavior | ||||||||||
| Physically inactive (<150 min/week) | 686 (87.1) | 2,883 (78.9) | 1,190 (84.9) | 2,379 (78.2) | 621 (83.1) | 2,948 (79.8) | 2,147 (83.2) | 1,422 (76.3) | 971 (75.4) | 2,598 (82.3) |
| Physically active (≥150 min/week) | 102 (12.9) | 771 (21.1) | 211 (15.1) | 662 (21.8) | 126 (16.9) | 747 (20.2) | 432 (16.8) | 441 (23.7) | 316 (24.6) | 557 (17.7) |
| p valuea | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | p = 0.038* | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
| Physical activity and screen time (ST) behavior | ||||||||||
| Appropriate ST/Physically Active | 50 (6.3) | 428 (11.7) | 105 (7.5) | 373 (12.3) | 64 (8.6) | 414 (11.2) | 252 (9.8) | 226 (12.1) | 167 (13.0) | 311 (9.9) |
| Appropriate ST/Physically Inactive | 352 (44.7) | 1,664 (45.5) | 628 (44.8) | 1,388 (45.6) | 330 (44.2) | 1,686 (45.6) | 1,307 (50.7) | 709 (38.1) | 478 (37.1) | 1,538 (48.7) |
| Excessive ST/Physically Active | 52 (6.6) | 343 (9.4) | 106 (7.6) | 289 (9.5) | 62 (8.3) | 333 (9.0) | 180 (7.0) | 215 (11.5) | 149 (11.6) | 246 (7.8) |
| Excessive ST/Physically Inactive | 334 (42.4) | 1,219 (33.4) | 562 (40.1) | 991 (32.6) | 291 (39.0) | 1,262 (34.2) | 840 (32.6) | 713 (38.3) | 493 (38.3) | 1,060 (33.6) |
| p valuea | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | p = 0.033* | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Non-smoker | 460 (58.4) | 2,449 (67.0) | 850 (60.7) | 2059 (67.7) | 467 (62.5) | 2,442 (66.1) | 1,578 (61.2) | 1,331 (71.4) | 869 (67.5) | 2040 (64.7) |
| Former smoker | 241 (30.6) | 1,010 (27.6) | 419 (29.9) | 832 (27.4) | 221 (29.6) | 1,030 (27.9) | 798 (30.9) | 453 (24.3) | 359 (27.9) | 892 (28.3) |
| Current | 87 (11.0) | 195 (5.3) | 132 (9.4) | 150 (4.9) | 59 (7.9) | 223 (6.0) | 203 (7.9) | 79 (4.2) | 59 (4.6) | 223 (7.1) |
| p valuea | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | p = 0.072 | p < 0.001* | p = 0.006* | |||||
| Alcoholic beverage consumption | ||||||||||
| Yes | 493 (62.9) | 2,263 (61.9) | 876 (62.5) | 1880 (61.8) | 456 (61.0) | 2,300 (62.2) | 1,511 (58.6) | 1,245 (66.8) | 935 (72.6) | 1821 (57.7) |
| No | 295 (37.4) | 1,391 (38.1) | 525 (37.5) | 1,161 (38.2) | 291 (39.0) | 1,395 (37.8) | 1,068 (41.4) | 618 (33.2) | 352 (27.4) | 1,334 (42.3) |
| p valuea | p = 0.746 | p = 0.665 | p = 0.563 | p < 0.001* | p < 0.001* | |||||
a
Chi-square test for categorical variables and Student’s t-test for continuous variables.
*p values <0.05, highlighted in bold, were considered statistically significant.