Table 4.

Advances in the application of ST to various diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Author	ST Technologies	Resource	Tissues/ Structures	Sample type	Pathologies/Disorders	References
Inflammatory Diseases
Vickovic et al.	ST	human	synovial tissue	FF	rheumatoid arthritis	92
Meng et al.	Visium	human	synovial tissue	FF	rheumatoid arthritis	93
Smith et al.	Visium	human	synovial tissue	FF	rheumatoid arthritis	94
Rauber et al.	Visium	human	synovial tissue	FF	psoriatic arthritis/rheumatoid arthritis	95
Zheng et al.	Visium	human	synovial tissue	FF	osteoarthritis/rheumatoid arthritis	96
Carlberg et al.	ST	human	synovial tissue	FF	rheumatoid arthritis/spondyloarthritis	97
Hardt et al.	Visium	human	synovial tissue	FF	rheumatoid arthritis	98
MacDonald et al.	CosMx SMI	human	synovial tissue	FFPE	rheumatoid arthritis	99
Kenney et al.	Visium	mice	popliteal lymph nodes	FF	rheumatoid arthritis	100
Traumatic Diseases
McKellar et al.	STRS	mice	tibialis anterior muscles	FF	muscle injuries	65
McKellar et al.	Visium	mice	tibialis anterior muscles	FF	muscle injuries	109
Young et al.	Visium/smFISH	mice	gastrocnemius muscles/tibialis anterior muscles	FF	muscular dystrophy/muscle injuries	110
Larouche et al.	Visium	mice	tibialis anterior muscles	FF	volumetric muscle loss	111
Ackerman et al.	Visium	mice	hind paws	FF	tendon injuries	112
Cherief et al.	Visium	mice	Achilles tendon	FF	tendon injuries	113
Kang et al.	Visium	mice	Achilles tendon	FFPE	traumatic heterotopic ossification	114
Tower et al.	Visium	mice	digit	FF	limb defects	117
Wan et al.	Visium	mice	calvarium	FF	bone defects	118
Jiang et al.	Visium	mice	femurs	FFPE	normal and pathological fractures	119
Rios et al.	Visium	mice/human	pseudarthrosis	FFPE	fracture in neurofibromatosis type 1	120
Mathavan et al.	Visium	mice	femurs	FFPE	fractures	121
Foster et al.	Visium	mice	dorsal skin	FF	skin injuries	123
Yang et al.	Visium	mice	dorsal skin	FF	skin injuries	124
Chen et al.	Visium	human	umbilical cord	FF	skin injuries	125
Degenerative Diseases
Fan et al.	Geo-seq	human	knee articular cartilage	FF	osteoarthritis	134
Yang et al.	Visium	human	anterior cruciate ligaments	not mentioned	osteoarthritis	137
Perez et al.	GeoMx DSP	human	vastus lateralis	FFPE	sarcopenia	138
Akbar et al.	Visium	human	hamstring tendon/supraspinatus tendon	not mentioned	tendinopathy	139
Fu et al.	Visium	human	supraspinatus tendon	not mentioned	tendinopathy	140
Tumorous Diseases
Zhang et al.	Visium	human	tumor specimens	FF	chordoma	148
Wrenn et al.	GeoMx DSP	mice	tumor specimens	FFPE	Ewing sarcoma	150
Li et al.a	ST	human	tumor specimens	FF	pan-cancer with M1 macrophage infiltration	152
Ihle et al.	GeoMx DSP	human	tumor specimens	FFPE	prostate cancer bone metastasis	156

^aLi et al. did not perform ST experiments and their ST data were sourced from SpatialDB.²³⁰