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. 2025 May 17;15:17132. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-00498-1

Table 1.

Levels of independent variables for the CCD.

Independent variables Symbol Range and levels
Low (− 1) Central (0) High (+ 1)
Temperature (°C) Inline graphic 500 600 700
Time (h) Inline graphic 1.5 2.5 3.5
KOH/C ratio (−) Inline graphic 2 3 4