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. 2025 May 17;15:17197. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01155-3

Table 1.

Geotechnical and environmental geotechnical characteristics of the studied dispersive soil.

Properties Measured values Methods
Clay fraction < 2 μm (%) 51 ASTM D422
pH (1:10; soil: water) 10.8 ASTM D4972
EC (1:10; soil: water) 1.66 ASTM D4972
Carbonate content (%) 11.5 Hesse, 1971
CEC (cmol/kg-soil) 28.36

Hendershot and

Duquette, 1986

ESP (%) 72 Sherard et al.,1977
SSA (m2/g) 36.28 Eltantawy and Arnold, 1973
Strength Parameters ASTM D3080
C (kPa) 25
Friction angle φo 15
UCS (kPa) 410 ASTM D2166
Liquid limit (%) 36 ASTM D4318
Plastic limit (%) 18 ASTM D4318
Plasticity index (%) 18 ASTM D4318
Optimum water content (%) 18.4 ASTM D698
Maximum dry density (g/cm3) 1.78 ASTM D698
Percent Dispersion (%) 84 ASTM D4224
Crumb (Final Grade) 4 ASTM D6572
USCS classification CL ASTM D422-87
Mineral composition using XRD analysis Kaolinite, Illite, Calcite, Quartz, Dolomite, Feldspar ASTM D2216