Table 5.

UCS and permeability changes in copper-contaminated dispersive soil at different temperatures.

Temperature range (°C)	UCS (MPa)	Permeability coefficient (×10⁻⁸ m/s)	Behavioral changes
25 °C to 100 °C	0.75	0.039	Initial increase in UCS due to Cu2⁺ presence and moisture loss
100 °C to 300 °C	1.83	0.074	UCS increases due to removal of free water and copper oxide formation
300 °C to 500 °C	2.96	0.084	Further UCS increase from dehydration, dehydroxylation, and consolidation
500 °C to 700 °C	3.56	1340	Significant UCS increase due to clay mineral dehydroxylation and cement formation
700 °C to 900 °C	7.01	4120	UCS decreases due to porous structure and glassy phase formation, but permeability rises significantly