Table 2:
Characteristics of included studies
| Studies | Year | Countries | Study settings | Sample size | Methodology | Charateristics of study participants | Outcomes | Identified factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bhatnagar [26] | 2013 | United States (USA) | SCD cohorts of African American ancestry | 1,617 patients | Genome-wide meta-analysis | This study includes two African American ancestry SCD cohorts. Gender: 843 males, 774 females. Average age was 8.96 from one cohort and 9.57 years from the second cohort | Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | Genetic factors |
| Campbell [35] | 2007 | Jamaica | SCD clinic | 51 subjects with HbSC and 88 subjects with HbSS | Cross-sectional | 51 subjects with HbSC (29 males, 22 females) and 88 subjects with HbSS (43 males, 45 females) Age: Age ranged from 23.1 to 31.6 years. | Blood pressure (BP) and BP by genotype | Anthropometric, haematological and renal functional factors |
| Desai [15] | 2012 | USA | SCD patients cohort at University of North Carolina (UNC) clinic | 156 SCD patients in the UNC cohort | Cross-sectional | Age: Mean age was 36 years (range 27–47) Gender: 97 (62%) females Ethinicity: 154 (99%) african american | SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | Clinical and laboratory factors |
| Gordeuk [10] | 2008 | USA | Patients from Sickle Cell Pulmonary Hypertension Screening Study | 163 SCD patients | Retrospective cohort cohort | Adults with hemoglobin SS or Sβ0 thalassemia patients | Relative systemic hypertension (RSH) (i.e., SBP 120–139 mm Hg or DBP 70–89 mm Hg) | Complications associated |
| Grell [13] | 1981 | Jamaica | SCD clinic of the University Hospital in Jamaica. | 70 SCD patients | Retrospective cohort | Participants were aged over 30 years. Gender: 29 males and 41 females. Age: age ranged from 30 to 69 years. | SBP and DBP | Age and gender |
| Homi [21] | 1993 | Jamaica | SCD clinic of the University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. | 342 SCD patients | Retrospective cohort | Adults aged 9.5 to 18.5 years.220 with homozygous SS and 122 with hemoglobin C | BP | Weight |
| Johnson [18] | 1981 | USA | SCD clinics at the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center and The Martin Luther King, Jnr General Hospital. | 187 SCD patients | Cross-sectional | Gender: 81 males, 106 females Age: mean age was 29 years (range 18–67). 130 sickle cell anemia, 43 sickle cell-hemoglobin C, 15 had sickle cell thalassemia | Prevalence and severity of hypertension in SCD | Haemoglobinopathy, age and advancing age |
| Strumph [14] | 2021 | USA | Children’s hospital | 100 patients with SCD | Cross-sectional | 100 SCD patients with age ranging from 5 to 21 | Nocturnal hypertension | Complication associated |
| Kuma [16] | 2018 | Ghana | The Ghana Institute of Clinical Genetics | 875 with homozygous or compound heterozygous SCD | Retrospective cohort | Participants were adults aged >18 years. Gender: 63 % were females. Age: Median age was 31 ( range 23–44) | Prevalence of RSH | Complications associated |
| Lamarre [20] | 2013 | (Guadeloupe, French West Indies) | SCD Center at the Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre. | 97 SCD patients | Cross-sectional | Adults aged ≥18 years. Gender: 43 male and 54 females | RSH and systematic hypertension | Biological factors |
| Lemonne [24] | 2014 | (Guadeloupe, French West Indies). | SCD Center at the Academic Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre. | 89 SCD patients (sickle cell-hemoglobin C) | Cross-sectional | Gender: 40 males, 49 females Age: mean age was 38 ± 13 years | RSH | Blood Viscosity |
| Makubi [17] | 2017 | Tanzania | Patient were identified at paediatric or haematology clinics or during hospitalization | 1013 SCD patients | Retrospective cohort | Gender: 56% were females Age: Median age was 17 (range15–22) | RSH and systematic hypertension | Any risk factors |
| Novelli [25] | 2014 | USA | Multicentre international sickle cell trial (USA and United Kingdom) | 661 SCD patients | Retrospective cohort | Participants were adults: 500 HbSS and 161 HbSC, with mean age 34 (range 25–45) and 41 (range 28 –51) | Pulse pressure | Markers of haemolysis |
| Oguanobi [19] | 2010 | Nigeria | Outpatient sickle cell clinics and the cardiac center of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria | 62 SCD patients | Cross-sectional | Participants were adults. Age: Mean age was 28.27(range 18–44) | Arterial BP | Age, gender, and anthropometric data |
| Pegelow [23] | 1997 | USA | Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease (CSSCD) at at 23 clinical centers, USA | 3,317 SCD patients | Cross-sectional | Participants included were children and adults (2 years old or older) | BP | Age, gender, anthropometric, clinical and laboratory data |
| Pikilidou [22] | 2015 | Greece | SCD center | 45 SCD patients | Cross-sectional | Participants were adults. Age: Mean age was 43 years (range 26–65) Body mass index (BMI):(24.1 ± 3.6 kg/m2 Gender: 30 males and 15 females | BP | Arterial stiffness |