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. 2025 May 19;25:399. doi: 10.1186/s12887-025-05735-0

Table 5.

Biochemical and clinical outcomes in the pre and post- implantation cohorts

Variables # PRE group
(n = 69)
POST group (n = 70) P-value*
BUN 54.8 ± 26.2 53.3 ± 24 0.713
Cr 0.88 ± 0.35 0.80 ± 0.33 0.188
Total bilirubin 8.0 ± 1.9 8.2 ± 2.0 0.607
Hypoglycemia 4 (5.8%) 7 (10%) 0.359
Hyperglycemia 23 (33.3%) 16 (22.9%) 0.169
Length of NICU stay (day) 43.1 ± 22.9 40.2 ± 18.2 0.106
Length of NICU stay (day) 0.311

 - 40

 - 40–60

 - > 60

31 (50%)

24 (38.7%)

7 (11.3%)

29 (46.8%)

30 (48.4%)

3 (4.8%)

Length of hospital stay (day) 53.0 ± 25.6 52.0 ± 20.4 0.082
Length of hospital stay (day) 0.040

 - 60

 - 60–90

 - > 90

39 (62.9%)

15 (24.2%)

8 (12.9%)

40 (64.5%)

21 (33.9%)

1 (1.6%)

Sepsis

 - Positive blood culture

 - Positive urine culture

16 (23.2%)

2 (2.9%)

7 (10%)

4 (5.7%)

0.036

0.414

Respiratory support

 - SIMV

 - NCPAP

 - HFNC

28 (40.6%)

68 (98.6%)

64 (92.8%)

34 (48.6%)

70 (100%)

69 (98.6%)

0.343

0.312

0.092

NEC (Stage II) 4 (5.8%) 4 (6.1%) 0.948
IVH 16 (23.5%) 13 (18.8%) 0.502
ROP 6 (8.8%) 2 (2.9%) 0.145
Discharge to home 59 (85.8%) 61 (87.1%) 0.779
Referred 3 (4.3%) 1 (1.4%) 0.303
Expired 7 (10.1%) 8 (11.4%) 0.807

Note. SIMV = Synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation; NCPAP = Nasal continuous positive airway pressure; HFNC = High-flow nasal cannula; Hypoglycemia = Blood glucose < 50 mg/dl; Hyperglycemia = Blood glucose > 150 mg/dl; BUN = Blood urea nutrition; Cr = Creatinine; NEC = Necrotizing enterocolitis; IVH = Intraventricular hemorrhage; ROP = retinopathy of prematurity

# Mean ± SD for numeric variables and number (percent) for categorical variables

*Independent samples t test for numeric variables and Pearson chi-square test for categorical variables