Fig. 3.

Kinematic timeline of the key motions in a Z. cornutus bite. (A) shows the landmarks placed in the dorsal and lateral views. For a detailed description of the landmark definitions, see SI Appendix, Table S2. (B and C) show a representative bite of Z. cornutus. In (B), the Left y-axis represents the angle of the jaw relative to the rest of the body (based on landmarks h-c2-a2). A value of zero represents nonrotated jaws, negative values represent jaws rotated to the Right, and positive values represent jaws rotated to the Left. The Right y-axis represents the velocity of the anteriormost point of the neurocranium (landmark c2, shown in yellow), and the anteriormost point of the jaws (landmark a2, shown in black). (C) shows the time at which the different motions start (blue) and end (orange). Values for each motion on the Right are based on mean values from all the bites recorded and landmarked. For (D), gape distance is based on landmarks a1-b, cranial rotation on landmarks c1-f-e, pelvic contraction is based on landmarks d-f-g, and time = 0 represents the time at which the fish jaws contact the substrate. For data plot B), smoothed lines have been produced, with raw data shown in the background.