Table 1.
Current clinical targeted therapies affecting the skeletal system
| Drug | Status of Application | Target | Autophagy Activity | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Denosumab | Clinical Routine | RANKL | Not Specified | Inhibiting osteoclast formation and activity, reducing bone resorption and metastatic tumor growth in bone | [104-107] |
| Vemurafenib | Clinical Application | BRAF in Melanoma | Not Specified | Affecting multiple pathways in cancer cells, potentially altering autophagy | [108] |
| Dabrafenib | Clinical Application | BRAF in Melanoma | Not Specified | Similar to Vemurafenib, affecting cancer cell pathways, potentially impacting autophagy | [108] |
| Erlotinib | Clinical Application | EGFR in NSCLC | Not Specified | Reducing SREs in bone metastasis, suggesting an impact on bone remodeling and possibly autophagy | [109] |
| Crizotinib | Clinical Application | ALK in NSCLC | Not Specified | May influence bone remodeling through its antitumor efficacy, indirectly affecting autophagy | [108] |
| Cabozantinib | Clinical Application | VEGFR2, AXL, MET | Not Specified | Reducing tumor-induced osteolysis, suggesting an effect on bone remodeling and autophagy | [110-112] |
| Everolimus | Clinical Trials | mTOR | Inhibition | Inducing osteoprotegerin expression and apoptosis of osteoclasts, potentially affecting autophagy | [113,114] |
| Imatinib | Clinical Application | C-KIT, PDGFR | Dual Activity | Affecting osteoblast activity, potentially influencing autophagy through bone remodeling | [115,116] |