. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 20.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Biomed Eng. 2023 Jul 17;51(11):2518–2527. doi: 10.1007/s10439-023-03291-1

Table 3.

Manual measurement screw placement accuracy values (mean ± SD)

	Manual set 1	Manual set 2	Automated measurement

ML deviation in pedicle (mm)^*^,x	2.00 ± 1.38	1.70 ± 1.48	1.72 ± 1.42
SI deviation in pedicle (mm)^†	1.35 ± 1.06	1.32 ± 1.25	1.46 ± 1.28
Perpendicular deviation in axial plane (mm)	2.02 ± 1.37	2.09 ± 1.63	1.79 ± 1.36
Angular deviation in axial plane (°)	2.04 ± 1.49	2.32 ± 2.00	2.12 ± 1.81
Perpendicular deviation in sagittal plane (mm)	2.08 ± 1.46	2.12 ± 2.16	2.09 ± 1.77
Angular deviation in sagittal plane (°)	3.41 ± 2.69	3.04 ± 2.27	3.16 ± 2.21

Statistical significance (p < 0.05) indicated by

(between manual 1 and manual 2)

(between manual 1 and automated)

^†

(between manual 2 and automated)