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. 2025 May 6;27:e66887. doi: 10.2196/66887

Table 2.

Summary of meta-analysis results for each outcome at different time points.

Follow-up Participants, n MDa (95% CI) P value I2 (%) Clinical relevanceb
Body weight (kg)

<3 months 126 –0.53 (–1.12 to 0.07) .08 0 No

3 months 704 –0.25c (–0.59 to 0.08) .13 77 No

4-6 months 1466 –0.33c (–0.48 to –0.17) <.001 49 No

9-12 months 664 –0.52c (–1.27 to 0.23) .17 93 Yes
BMI (kg/m2)

<3 months 126 –0.08 (–1.59 to 1.43) .91 33 No

3 months 95 0.93 (–0.43 to 2.29) .18 0 No

4-6 months 232 –0.76 (–1.42 to –0.10) .02 59 Yes

9-12 months ―d ― ― ― ―
Waist circumference (cm)

<3 months ― ― ― ― ―

3-6 months 552 –0.64 (–1.33 to 0.05) .07 0 No

9-12 months ― ― ― ― ―
Adipose mass (%)

<3 months 126 –0.58 (–1.62 to 0.46) .28 0 N/Ae

3 months 234 –0.79 (–1.38 to –0.20) .009 0 N/A

4-6 months 701 –0.46 (–0.71 to –0.20) <.001 0 N/A

9-12 months ― ― ― ― ―

aMD: mean difference.

bBody weight reduction ≥5% (6%-10%); BMI reduction between 0.20 and 0.25 kg/m2 [40]; and waist circumference reduction between 3 and 6.8 cm [41].

cStandardized mean difference.

dNot available.

eN/A: not applicable.