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. 2025 May 21;15:17633. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-01461-w

Table 5.

The adsorption capacity of MB dye and the influence of geopolymer developed from different industrial wastes previous works and in this study.

Adsorbent Type MB conc Adsorbent dose pH Contact time Adsorption capacity References
-Fly ash geopolymer monoliths 1 – 50 mg/L 0.11–0.55 g 2—12 30 h 15.4 mg/g 63
-Fly Ash –based geopolymer spheres (10 – 250) mg/L (1–2.5) g/ 0.2 L 24 h 30.1 mg/g 64
-Clay and rice husk geopolymer 25 mg/L 0.1 g 3 20–80 min 15.95, 14.9, and 20.2 mg/g 65
-Red mud and rice husk based geopolymer composite8 (20- 120) mg/L 0.1 g 8 180 min 6.59 – 10.74 mg/g 66
-Partially dealuminated metakaolin and Metakaolin (10–60) mg 0.35 7 60 min 8 mg/g This study