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. 2025 May 21;12:832. doi: 10.1038/s41597-025-05184-5

Table 1.

Nature’s contributions to people (NCP) and their contribution to material, non-material and regulating services (after Diaz et al.8).

Nature’s contributions to people Material Non-material Regulating
NCP 1: Habitat creation and maintenance X
NCP 2: Pollination and dispersal of seeds and other propagules X
NCP 3: Regulation of air quality X
NCP 4: Regulation of climate X
NCP 5: Regulation of ocean NCP acidification X
NCP 6: Regulation of freshwater quantity, location and timing X
NCP 7: Regulation of freshwater and coastal water quality X
NCP 8: Formation, protection and decontamination of soils and sediments X
NCP 9: Regulation of hazards and extreme events X
NCP 10: Regulation of detrimental organisms and biological processes X
NCP 11: Energy X (X)
NCP 12: Food and feed X (X)
NCP 13: Materials, companionship and labour X (X)
NCP 14: Medicinal, biochemical and genetic resources X (X)
NCP 15: Learning and inspiration (X) X
NCP 16: Physical and psychological experiences (X) X
NCP 17: Supporting identities (X) X
NCP 18: Maintenance of options X X X