Table 4.
Results of multivariable generalized liner model and quantile regression on healthcare costs following road trauma injury (imputed data) (n = 1372).
| Predictors | Overall | 10 th quantile | 25 th quantile | 50 th quantile | 75 th quantile | 90 th quantile | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exp(β) (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ||
| Age (Ref: 16–34) | |||||||
| 35–64 | 1.47 (1.20, 1.81)*** | 402.10 (158.32, 645.87)*** | 719.05 (430.32, 1007.77)*** | 1085.54 (613.57, 1557.72)*** | 1999.60 (767.83, 3231.48)** | 4711.58 (1371.34, 8051.42)** | |
| ≥ 65 | 1.65 (1.16, 2.37)* | 1780.11 (1296.43, 2263.80)** | 1833.60 (1260.74, 2406.46)*** | 1632.06 (695.20, 2568.92)** | 4016.76 (1572.67, 6460.84)** | 16095.48 (9468.06, 22722.90)*** | |
| Employment status (Ref: Employed) | |||||||
| School | 0.98 (0.73, 1.34) | −580.63 (−934.89, −226.38)** | −413.55 (−833.31, 6.20) | −363.51 (−1050.49, 322.58) | −71.39 (−1861.37, 1717.04) | −595.05 (−5449.40, 4257.11) | |
| Retired | 1.24 (0.90, 1.73) | −197.03 (−646.22, 252.14) | 708.17 (175.89, 1240.66)** | 1176.32 (305.93, 2047.80)** | 2823.55 (554.93, 5092.78)* | 1282.85 (−4871.78, 7436.44) | |
| Others | 1.81 (1.29, 2.62)*** | 340.68 (−75.07, 759.99) | 1088.42 (592.91, 1585.63)*** | 1937.94 (1125.86, 2750.84)*** | 3580.35 (1462.60, 5697.98)** | 15940.41 (10197.60, 21683.20)*** | |
| Health-related quality of life (SF-12) (Ref: ≥100) | |||||||
| < 100 | 1.54 (1.23, 1.95)*** | 638.38 (368.84, 908.83)*** | 858.57 (538.67, 1178.54)*** | 1346.95 (822.08, 1869.02)*** | 5146.93 (3782.06, 6510.13)*** | 9144.72 (5444.24, 12844.74)*** | |
| Pre-injury comorbidities number (Ref: 0) | |||||||
| 1 | 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | 154.51 (−94.79, 404.54) | 241.20 (−54.17, 536.17) | 303.90 (−180.04, 787.94) | 712.36 (−547.46, 1973.68) | 1410.47 (−2009.87, 4829.54) | |
| ≥ 2 | 1.72 (1.34, 2.21)*** | 539.44 (239.37, 840.36)*** | 1017.19 (661.63, 1372.70)*** | 2266.41 (1684.67, 2848.30)*** | 2521.33 (1004.21, 4037.53)** | 13979.76 (9866.95, 18092.98)*** | |
| ISS (Ref: ≤3) | |||||||
| 4–8 | 1.17 (0.92, 1.52) | 408.06 (115.83, 701.54)** | 392.09 (45.64, 739.91)* | 647.93 (79.24, 1215.53)* | 1315.78 (−164.11, 2795.41) | 974.42 (−3038.11, 4987.05) | |
| 9–15 | 4.15 (3.19, 5.48)*** | 1492.56 (1176.99, 1808.99)*** | 5332.96 (4958.09, 5707.53)*** | 11474.62 (10861.40, 12087.67)*** | 21122.60 (19525.34, 22718.59)*** | 50668.97 (46338.36, 54998.88)*** | |
| ≥ 16 | 9.23 (6.95, 12.42)*** | 6197.67 (5850.99, 6544.70)*** | 12400.76 (11989.79, 12811.76)*** | 26652.23 (25979.58, 27324.52)*** | 70465.51 (68712.32, 72218.61)*** | 163533.51 (158779.90, 168287.80)*** | |
| GCS (Ref: ≥14) | |||||||
| 9–13 | 2.20 (1.26, 4.21)** | −389.32 (−1094.82, 314.96) | −521.82 (−1356.05, 314.48) | 6281.23 (4915.89, 7648.01)*** | 45479.34 (41918.79, 49040.40)*** | 135033.30 (125375.10, 144691.60)*** | |
| 3–8 | 4.50 (2.36, 9.91)*** | 55449.28 (54593.70, 56304.86)*** | 62912.55 (61898.29, 63926.25)*** | 78011.94 (76352.29, 79670.40)*** | 114628.59 (110306.01, 118950.70)*** | 71528.20 (59805.55, 83250.63) *** | |
| Torso injury (Ref: No) | |||||||
| Yes | 1.20 (1.01, 1.45)* | 197.82 (−30.16, 424.92) | 256.80 (49.00, 396.86) | 666.24 (225.74, 1107.28)** | 911.69 (−237.74, 2060.93) | 1451.97 (−1664.65, 4568.52) | |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Ref: Reference; SF-12: Short Form 12 survey; ISS: injury severity score; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale.