Table 2.
Clinicopathological features of renal Anastomosing Hemangiomas in the population-based study.
| Reference | Age | Gender | Clinical Manifestation | ESRD | Cause of ESRD | Diabetes | Hypertension | Site | Location | Focality | Largest Tumor Diameter (mm) | Preoperative diagnosis | Therapy | Cooccurrence/History of Renal tumor | Immunohistochemistry | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD31 | CD34 | factor VIII | Ki-67 | |||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Abboudi H 2017 | 62 | F | Hematuria | Yes | AAV | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | 27 | NA | Metachronous Nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 | Al-Maghrabi HA 2014 | 55 | F | Left flank pain | None/NA | – | Yes | Yes | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 20 | RCC | Partial nephrectomy | A history of right partial nephrectomy three years earlier due to clear cell RCC (Fuhrman nuclear grade II) | + | + | + | NA | NED (12 months) |
| 3 | Aravind A 2025 | 28 | M | Abdominal pain and dyspepsia | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Unifocal | 40 | Low aggressive potential lesion | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | 0.12-0.15 | NED |
| 4 | Bean GR 2017 (1) | 49 | M | NA | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 12 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (9 months) |
| 5 | Bean GR 2017 (2) | 53 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 33 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (84 months) |
| 6 | Bean GR 2017 (3) | 64 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 7 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (107 months) |
| 7 | Berker NK 2017 (1) | 24 | F | Incidentally | Yes | Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | 30 | NA | Partial nephrectomy | Papillary adenomas | + | + | + | NA | NED (10 months) |
| 8 | Berker NK 2017 (2) | 57 | F | Incidentally | Yes | Diabetes | Yes | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 22 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (4 months) |
| 9 | Brown JG 2010 (1) | 56 | M | NA | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | NA | 13 | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 10 | Brown JG 2010 (2) | 33 | F | NA | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | NA | 32 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 11 | Brown JG 2010 (3) | 21 | M | Incidently | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | NA | 22 | NA | NA | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (24 months) |
| 12 | Brown JG 2010 (4) | 44 | F | NA | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | NA | 20 | NA | NA | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (72 months) |
| 13 | Brown JG 2010 (5) | 83 | F | NA | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | NA | 35 | NA | NA | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (24 months) |
| 14 | Buttner M 2013 (1) | 33 | M | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Multifocal | 7 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 15 | Buttner M 2013 (2) | 70 | M | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 3 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | Papillary adenoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 16 | Buttner M 2013 (3) | 55 | M | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal cortex | Unifocal | 2 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 17 | Buttner M 2013 (4) | 42 | M | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Multifocal | 1.5 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | Papillary adenoma, cRCC | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 18 | Buttner M 2013 (5) | 32 | M | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal cortex | Multifocal | 6 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | Papillary RCC, angiomyolipoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 19 | Buttner M 2013 (6) | 42 | M | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 3 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 20 | Buttner M 2013 (7) | 45 | F | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Multifocal | 25 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 21 | Buttner M 2013 (8) | 44 | F | NA | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 1 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | Papillary RCC, metanephric adenoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 22 | Caballes AB 2019 | 10 | M | A firm and painless bulge at the left paraumbilical area | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 120 | Wilms’ tumor | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | + | NA | 0 | NA |
| 23 | Capinha MD 2023 | 70 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | Yes | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 20 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (18 months) |
| 24 | Cha JS 2016 | 43 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | Yes | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 43 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | NA | NED (5 months) |
| 25 | Chandran N 2019 | 36 | M | Incidentally | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | 26 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | + | NA | NA | NA |
| 26 | Chen J 2024 | 59 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 22 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | RCC | + | + | NA | 0.02-0.05 | NED |
| 27 | Cheon PM 2018 | 40 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 53 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | 0.2 | NED (1 months) |
| 28 | Chou S 2014 (1) | 50 | F | Incidentally | Yes | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 10 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
| 29 | Chou S 2014 (2) | 60 | M | Incidentally | Yes | – | None/NA | Yes | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | 18 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
| 30 | Chua WM 2022 | 32 | F | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | NA | Neuroendocrine tumor | NA | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 31 | Downes MR 2014 (1) | 59 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 45 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | NA | + | + | + | NA | NA |
| 32 | Downes MR 2014 (2) | 28 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 13 | NA | Ultrasound guided kidney core biopsy | History of left RCC | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
| 33 | Faraz M 2025 (1) | 52 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | 28 | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | NA | + | NA | DWOD (81months) |
| 34 | Faraz M 2025 (2) | 71 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | 28 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (83 months) |
| 35 | Faraz M 2025 (3) | 69 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (35 months) | |
| 36 | Faraz M 2025 (4) | 94 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | Biopsy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (31 months) | |
| 37 | Faraz M 2025 (5) | 47 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | + | NA | NA | NED (161 months) | |
| 38 | Faraz M 2025 (6) | 76 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 39 | Faraz M 2025 (7) | 45 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (156 months) | |
| 40 | Faraz M 2025 (8) | 59 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (108 months) | |
| 41 | Faraz M 2025 (9) | 56 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Multifocal | NA | Radical nephrectomy | AMLEC, AML, cortical cysts | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (24 months) | |
| 42 | Faraz M 2025 (10) | 67 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | ccRCC | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (9 months) | |
| 43 | Faraz M 2025 (11) | 41 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (81 months) | |
| 44 | Faraz M 2025 (12) | 62 | M | Incidentally | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Multifocal | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (46 months) | |
| 45 | Faraz M 2025 (13) | 50 | F | Incidentally | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Multifocal | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
| 46 | Faraz M 2025 (14) | 80 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (24 months) | |
| 47 | Faraz M 2025 (15) | 70 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (4 months) | |
| 48 | Faraz M 2025 (16) | 33 | F | Left flank painand gross hematuria | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NA | |
| 49 | Faraz M 2025 (17) | 34 | M | Incidentally | Yes | – | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | NA | Multifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | AML, transplant kidneys | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (5 months) | |
| 50 | Faraz M 2025 (18) | 50 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | NA | NED (72 months) | |
| 51 | Gong C 2024 | 58 | F | Pain in the area of right kidney | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 25 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 52 | Heidegger I 2014 | 56 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 50 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | <1% | NED (128 month) |
| 53 | Johnstone KJ 2020 | 70 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | – | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Multifocal | 35 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | Low | NA |
| 54 | Kim CS 2021 | 35 | F | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | Yes | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 17 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
| 55 | Kryvenko ON 2011 (1) | 51 | F | Incidentally | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 10 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | + | NA | NA | NED (7 months) |
| 56 | Kryvenko ON 2011 (2) | 39 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Yes | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Unifocal | 50 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | + | NA | NA | NED (122 months) |
| 57 | Kryvenko ON 2011 (3) | 54 | F | Incidentally | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Multifocal | 12 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | + | NA | NA | NED (3 months) |
| 58 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (1) | 68 | F | Gross haematuria | Yes | Diabetes | Yes | None/NA | Right | NA | Multifocal | 15 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 59 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (2) | 51 | F | Incidentally | Yes | NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | 10 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 60 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (3) | 54 | F | Incidentally | Yes | Hypertension | None/NA | Yes | Bilateral | NA | Multifocal | 11 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ccRCC, papillary adenoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 61 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (4) | 29 | M | Incidentally | Yes | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | NA | Multifocal | 13 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 62 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (5) | 40 | M | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | 2.5 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD, Clear cell papillary RCC, ACKD- associated RCC, papillary adenoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 63 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (6) | 34 | M | Abdominal pain, haematuria, retroperitoneal haematoma | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Multifocal | 13 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD, ACKD- associated RCC | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 64 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (7) | 62 | M | Incidentally | Yes | Hypertension | None/NA | Yes | Left | NA | Unifocal | 7 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD, ACKD-associated RCC, ACKD-associated RCC precursor | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 65 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (8) | 40 | M | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Multifocal | 28 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 66 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (9) | 46 | M | Incidentally | Yes | IgA nephropathy | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | 16 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 67 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (10) | 60 | M | Incidentally | Yes | Hereditary nephritis | None/NA | None/NA | Left | NA | Unifocal | 12 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD, ACKD-associated RCC precursor, papillary adenoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 68 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (11) | 49 | M | Microscopic haematuria | Yes | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | 35 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 69 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (12) | 49 | M | NA | Yes | Hypertension | None/NA | Yes | Left | NA | Unifocal | 13 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 70 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (13) | 66 | M | Flank pain | Yes | Hypertension | None/NA | Yes | Right | NA | Unifocal | 30 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD, ACKD-associated RCC precursor, papillary adenoma | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 71 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (14) | 15 | M | Incidentally | Yes | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | NA | Multifocal | 7 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 72 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (15) | 0.75 | M | Incidentally | Yes | Congenital nephroticsyndrome | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | 10 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | Wilms’ tumour | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 73 | Kryvenko ON 2014 (16) | 17 | M | Abdominal pain, haematuria, retroperitoneal haematoma | Yes | FSGS secondary tominimal changedisease | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | NA | Multifocal | 28 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | ACKD, Unclassified RCC, Papillary adenomas | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 74 | Lo CH 2021 | 84 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Yes | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 55 | Cystic RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | NA | NA | <10% | Dead of aspiration pneumonia (2 weeks) |
| 75 | Lobo J 2017 | 63 | M | Hematuria and dysuria | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 50 | Urothelial neoplasm | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | <1% | NA |
| 76 | Manohar V 2020 | 40 | F | Vague upper abdominal pain | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 140 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (24 months) |
| 77 | Mehta V 2012 (1) | 49 | M | NA | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 20 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (3 months) |
| 78 | Mehta V 2012 (2) | 55 | M | NA | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 6 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | Papillary adenomas | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (3 months) |
| 79 | Mehta V 2012 (3) | 45 | M | NA | Yes | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 19 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (12 months) |
| 80 | Montgomery E 2009 (1) | 74 | M | NA | NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 15 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (36 months) |
| 81 | Montgomery E 2009 (2) | 75 | F | NA | NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | NA | NA | 20 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 82 | Montgomery E 2009 (3) | 49 | M | NA | NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | NA | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | NA | 13 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NED (12 months) |
| 83 | Omiyale AO 2015 | 64 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | Yes | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 24 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (10 months) |
| 84 | Pantelides NM 2012 | 57 | F | Incidentally | Yes | AAV | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 27 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 85 | Patel SR 2019 | 39 | M | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | 15 | AH | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 86 | Perdiki M 2017 (1) | 64 | F | Back pain | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Unifocal | 11 | NA | Partial nephrectomy | NA | + | + | NA | NA | NED (25 months) |
| 87 | Perdiki M 2017 (2) | 47 | M | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Multifocal | 28 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | NA | + | + | NA | NA | NED (14 months) |
| 88 | Rubio Fernández A 2015 | 41 | M | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Bilateral | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Multifocal | 80 | Malignant renal tumor | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NA |
| 89 | Rupanshu 2023 | 35 | F | Incidentally | Yes | SLE | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | 17 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (NA) |
| 90 | Sasaki Y 2022 | 65 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal cortex | Unifocal | 16 | AH | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | 0 | NED (3 months) |
| 91 | Silva MA 2017 | 53 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal cortex | Unifocal | NA | Complex renal cystic lesion | Partial nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 92 | Tahir M 2016 | 57 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 30 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | NA | NA |
| 93 | Tao LL 2014 | 32 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 26 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | 0 | NA |
| 94 | Tran TA 2012 | 61 | M | Right-sided back pain with radiation to his right hip | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Unifocal | 24 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | NA | + | NA | NA |
| 95 | Veerwal A 2020 | 25 | M | Right fiank pain | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | NA | Unifocal | NA | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 96 | Wetherell DR 2013 | 74 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 50 | RCC | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | + | NA | Dead (6 weeks) |
| 97 | Zhang W 2015 | 25 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 12 | NA | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (16 months) |
| 98 | Zhang X 2023 | 61 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla and cortex | Unifocal | 18 | NA | Radical nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | 0.1 | NED (13 months) |
| 99 | Zhao M 2013 | 48 | M | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | None/NA | Right | Renal cortex | Unifocal | 25 | RCC | Partial nephrectomy | None | + | + | NA | NA | NED (12 months) |
| 100 | Our study | 71 | F | Incidentally | None/NA | None/NA | Yes | Yes | Left | Renal sinus/hilus/medulla | Unifocal | 24 | NA | Partial nephrectomy | NA | + | + | NA | 0.1 | NED (16 months) |
ESRD, end stage renal disease; M, male; F, female; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; NED, no evidence of disease; DWOD, died without disease; AH, anastomosing hemangioma; ACKD, acquired cystic kidney disease; AAV, ANCA-associated vasculitis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; NA, not available.