Table 1.
Basic information on the research subjects.
| Brain area | TD group (30) | Group of ASD without sleep disorder (29) | Group of ASD with sleep disorder (29) | Statistics | p-value | Cohen’s d/f |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 8 (26.67%) | 3 (10.34%) | 7 (24.14%) | 2.78 | 0.250 | |
| Male | 22 (73.33%) | 26 (89.66%) | 22 (75.86%) | |||
| Age | 6.20 ± 1.243 | 5.72 ± 1.131 | 5.97 ± 1.614 | 0.92 | 0.401 | 0.147 |
| Social Affect (SA) | 2.00 ± 1.20 | 16.76 ± 4.70 | 17.93 ± 3.87* | 184.14 | <0.001 | 2.081 |
| Restricted repetitive behavior (RRB) | 0.63 ± 0.72 | 4.93 ± 2.40 | 4.72 ± 2.93* | 35.55 | <0.001 | 0.915 |
| Raw scores | 2.63 ± 1.50 | 21.69 ± 6.31 | 22.66 ± 5.68* | 154.24 | <0.001 | 1.905 |
| Standardized scores | 1.63 ± 0.56 | 8.69 ± 1.65 | 8.86 ± 1.57* | 277.38 | <0.001 | 2.555 |
| Communication (COM) | 39.07 ± 6.86 | 20.55 ± 11.13* | 21.03 ± 9.86* | 37.15 | <0.001 | 0.935 |
| Daily living skills (DLSs) | 37.07 ± 6.18 | 25.55 ± 6.27* | 26.93 ± 5.49* | 32.66 | <0.001 | 0.877 |
| Socialization (SOC) | 43.37 ± 6.08 | 13.00 ± 5.95* | 16.41 ± 7.08* | 200.99 | <0.001 | 2.175 |
| Social reactivity Scale (SRS) | 47.63 ± 4.96 | 69.90 ± 14.40* | 70.24 ± 9.54* | 46.68 | <0.001 | 1.048 |
| Children’s sleep habits questionnaire (CSHQ) | 30.27 ± 5.56 | 29.79 ± 5.57 | 57.17 ± 3.23*# | 295.97 | <0.001 | 2.639 |
*Indicates a comparison with the TD group, p < 0.01; #indicates a comparison with the ASD without sleep disorder group, p < 0.01.