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. 2025 May 22;15:17777. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98922-z

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of all subjects.

Variable Healthy control group (N = 57) Chronic hepatitis B group (N = 254) Cirrhosis group (N = 206) Liver cancer group (N = 127) Statistical value P
Age (years) 38 (32.5–52.5) 39 (34–49) 49 (41–57) 54 (45–60) 106.08* < 0.0001
Gender (Male/Female) Female (%) 24 (12.31) 106 (54.36) 48 (24.62) 17 (8.72) 41.48# < 0.0001
Male (%) 33 (7.35) 148 (32.96) 158 (35.19) 110 (24.50)
AST (U/L) 18 (15–23.5) 25 (21–33.25) 31 (25–45.25) 36 (26–59) 117.75* < 0.0001
ALT/(U/L) 17 (11–24) 26 (17–43) 30 (23–44) 37 (23–58) 69.11* < 0.0001
TBIL (umol/L) 12.4 (9.85–17.15) 13.9 (10.7–18.3) 17.15 (11.9–25.4) 10.9 (7.9–17.7) 53.30* < 0.0001
HBV DNA (log10IU/ml) NA 2.7 (1.3–3.31) 2.7 (1.33–2.84) 3.17 (2.7–5.01) 50.04* < 0.0001
HBsAg (log10IU/ml) NA 3.33 (2.76–3.77) 3.03 (2.45–3.31) 2.98 (2.15–3.31) 34.43* < 0.0001
AFP (ng/ml) 2.2 (1.45–3.45) 2.5 (1.8–3.73) 3 (2–5.7) 30.9 (4–612.9) 138.78* < 0.0001

AST aspartate aminotransferase; ALT alanine aminotransferase; TBIL total bilirubin; HBV-DNA hepatitis B virus DNA; HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen; AFP alpha-fetoprotein; NA not applicable; *: Kruskal–Wallis test; #: Chi-square test.