Table 4.

Average Annual Percent Change in Mild/Moderate Nonlimiting and Severe and/or Limiting Pain Across Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Health Characteristics by Sex^a

	Males		Females
	Mild/moderate nonlimiting	Severe and/or limiting	Mild/moderate nonlimiting	Severe and/or limiting
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	+3.11**	+2.56**	+2.96**	+1.46**
Non-Hispanic black	+4.56*	+1.73**	+4.05**	+2.32**
Hispanic	+1.50	+0.63*	+2.70**	+1.05*
Other	+2.48	+2.72**	+4.59	+1.78*
Marital status
Unpartnered	+2.04**	+2.62**	+3.48**	+1.53**
Partnered	+3.39**	+2.10**	+2.83**	+1.56**
Education
Less than high school	+2.72**	+2.11**	+2.40**	+1.89**
Complete high school	+3.35**	+3.36**	+3.18**	+2.04**
Postsecondary	+3.13**	+3.45**	+3.16**	+2.54**
Wealth
< Median wealth	+2.84**	+2.12**	+2.68**	+1.50**
> Median wealth	+3.15**	+2.74**	+3.44**	+1.66**
Chronic conditions
Arthritis	+2.59**	+1.64**	+2.75**	+0.87**
Heart disease	+1.78**	+1.90**	+3.00**	+0.84**
Diabetes	+1.97**	+2.13**	+2.64**	+1.03**
Lung disease	+2.61*	+2.06**	+1.49**	+1.83**
Stroke	+2.76	+1.82**	+2.38**	+0.85*
Cancer	+3.07**	+2.14**	+2.37**	+1.14**

^aBecause the figures in this table represent a weighted average across three age groups, there is no single measure of statistical significance. The test shown here indicates if the change is statistically significant for at least one of the three age groups. For tests for individual age groups, see author’s website: [https://globalagingandcommunity.com/zzjgss2018si/].

**p < .01. *.01 < p < .05.