9. Comparison of Total Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFA), the Molar Proportion of SCFA, and Net Ammonia (NH₃) Production In Vitro of Ryegrass Substrate (RG) Added with Different Concentrations of PSM in Experiment 3 over Time.

		absolute concentration		molar proportion (mol per 100 mol of total SCFA)							ratios
treatments		SCFA	Net NH3	acetate	butyrate	propionate	valerate	caproate	iso-butyrate	iso-valerate	A/P	AB/PV
control	RG	68.6	5.5	67.4	10.2	19.3	1.64	0.06	0.71	0.76	3.51	3.72
acteoside treatments	ACT-50	68.8	4.9	67.0	10.2	19.7	1.62	0.19	0.70	0.70	3.41	3.63
	ACT-75	69.6	4.6	66.6	10.2	20.0	1.64	0.23	0.69	0.67	3.35	3.56
	ACT-100	68.8	4.1	66.3	10.2	20.4	1.62	0.26	0.64	0.63	3.26	3.48
aucubin treatments	AUC-50	69.2	4.2	67.3	10.5	19.1	1.65	0.09	0.67	0.71	3.53	3.75
	AUC-75	68.5	3.6	66.9	11.0	18.9	1.73	0.09	0.67	0.70	3.54	3.78
	AUC-100	65.6	3.0	66.5	11.4	18.8	1.76	0.11	0.67	0.70	3.54	3.79
combined treatment	ACT50+ AUC75	70.5	3.6	65.9	11.0	19.8	1.76	0.24	0.66	0.65	3.33	3.57
	ACT75+ AUC50	72.3	3.0	65.8	10.7	20.2	1.73	0.27	0.62	0.67	3.26	3.49
catalpol	CAT-50	70.4	4.2	67.0	10.5	19.3	1.71	0.08	0.69	0.73	3.47	3.68
SEM		1.81	0.92	0.34	0.31	0.53	0.13	0.03	0.01	0.16	0.09	0.08
treatments		<0.01	<0.001	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
time		<0.01	<0.001	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	0.88	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01	<0.01
treatment × time		0.38	<0.001	0.05	0.07	0.07	<0.01	<0.01	0.01	<0.01	0.12	0.51
contrasts, p value
ACT50 + AUC75 vs (ACT-50 + AUC-75)/2		0.146	0.148	<0.0001	0.003	<0.0001	0.042	<0.0001	0.048	0.021	<0.0001	<0.0001
ACT-50 vs AUC-75		0.842	0.029	0.586	0.005	<0.0001	0.019	<0.0001	0.113	0.833	<0.0001	<0.0001
ACT75 + AUC50 vs (ACT-75 + AUC-50)/2		0.015	0.004	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.04	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.03	<0.0001	<0.0001
ACT-75 vs AUC-50		0.792	0.478	<0.0001	0.177	<0.0001	0.744	<0.0001	0.285	0.002	<0.0001	<0.0001

^aTotal short-chain fatty acids (mmol).

^bNet ammonia production (mmol NH₃/g DM incubated).

^cAcetate to propionate ratio (A/P).

^d[acetate + butyrate] to [propionate + valerate] (AB/PV).

^eRyegrass control.

^fTreatments within the rows corresponding to varying doses of acteoside (denoted as ACT) and the numeric values separated by a hyphen indicating the amount of acteoside in mg/g of pasture DM.

^gTreatments within the rows corresponding to varying doses of aucubin (denoted as AUC) and the numeric values separated by a hyphen indicating the amount of aucubin in mg/g of pasture DM.

^h50 mg acteoside/g pasture DM added with 75 mg aucubin/g pasture DM.

ⁱ75 mg acteoside/g pasture DM added with 50 mg aucubin/g pasture DM.

^j50 mg catalpol/g pasture DM.

^k p value of planned contrasts in selected treatments, values with the same letter within the same columns are not significant (p > 0.05),SEM: standard error of means.