Table 2.
Differences in Hip and knee biomechanics between ACLR and nonsurgical limbs.
| Biomechanical Variable | % Stance Phase | ACLR Limb Mean ± SD | Nonsurgical Limb Mean ± SD | Effect Size (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinematics (degrees) | ||||
| Knee flexion angle | 1–8 | 6.6° ± 0.95 | 4.0° ± 1.4 | 2.2 (1.2, 3.1) |
| 58–85 | 6.6° ± 1.2 | 4.0° ± 1.5 | 1.9 (1.0, 2.8) | |
| Knee adduction angle | 9–32 | 6.4° ± 0.12 | 7.6° ± 0.25 | −6.0 (−7.7, −4.2) |
| 58–81 | 4.6° ± 0.16 | 3.6° ± 0.27 | 4.7 (3.3, 6.2) | |
| 92–100 | 6.5° ± 0.10 | 8.1° ± 0.70 | −3.4 (−4.5, −2.2) | |
| Knee transverse plane angle | 0–100 | 14.2° ± 1.9 | 7.2° ± 2.0 | −3.6 (−4.7, −2.4) |
| Hip frontal plane angle | 0–100 | 1.1° ± 2.2 | 3.5° ± 2.0 | 1.2 (0.4, 2.0) |
| Hip ER angle | 20–39 | 0.37° ± 1.1 | 2.0° ± 1.0 | 1.57 (0.7, 2.4) |
| Hip IR angle | 88–100 | 5.1° ± 0.23 | 3.2° ± 0.13 | −9.7 (−12.4, −7.1) |
| Kinetics (Nm/kg*m) | ||||
| Knee flexion moment | 14–23 | 0.19 ± 0.08 | 0.28 ± 0.08 | −1.2 (−1.9, −0.4) |
| Knee adduction moment | 53–81 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 4.0 (2.7, 5.3) |
| Knee IR moment | 55–84 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 2.1 (1.2, 3.0) |
| Hip flexion moment | 60–67 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | −3.3 (−4.5, −2.2) |
| Hip adduction moment | 31–35 | 0.71 ± 0.005 | 0.78 ± 0.005 | 13.5 (9.9, 17.0) |
| 71–76 | 0.62 ± 0.01 | 0.68 ± 0.01 | 6.3 (4.5, 8.0) | |
| Hip ER moment | 56–88 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 1.7 (0.8, 2.6) |
Negative indicates a decreased moment or angle in the ACLR limb compared to the nonsurgical limb. Only effect sizes for statistically significant differences are reported. ER, external rotation; IR, Internal rotation.