Table 3.

Examples for the usage of microbial effectors

Microbial effector	Use case description	Source
Virulence factors (VF)	- Identification of virulence factors in body fluids (e.g., sputum) and at marine plastic surfaces	[47, 48]
Toxins	- Assessment of metabolic changes of the gut microbiome in response to toxins	[8]
	- Verification of the expression of protein toxins and proteins involved in their biosynthesis and secretion	[49]
Antimicrobials	- Revelation of complex cellular/metabolic responses included in antimicrobial-resistance (e.g., increased production of outer membrane proteins)	[50, 51]
Bacteriophages/Archeophages	- Assessment of host-phage interactions (over time), e.g., via the host immune response	[52, 53]