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. 2025 May 12;56(1):109. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2025.5550

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Antioxidant effects of vitamins in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. GSH, glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4; Tf, transferrin; SOD, superoxide dismutase.