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. 2025 May 20;17(1):2500099. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2500099

Table 3.

Preclinical trials of prebiotics and synbiotics.

Prebiotics/Synbiotics Animal model Breeding method Effect
Prebiotics      
Melissa Officinalis Extract (MFE)164 5-week-old male C57BL/6/J mice MFE was given daily by oral gavage for 4 weeks.

  1. Modulating the inflammatory response.

  2. Regulation of lipid metabolism.
Sarsaparilla Polysaccharide (SCP)165 Feeding 8-week-old male C57BL/6/J mice SCP by gavage daily for 12 weeks.

  1. Reduces serum and liver lipid levels.

  2. Regulates fatty acid synthesis and metabolism.

  3. Regulates gut microbiota.
Sea buckthorn polysaccharide (SP)166 Male Wistar rats SP solution was given by oral gavage for 4 weeks.

  1. Improvement of lipid metabolism.

  2. Relief of oxidative stress.

  3. Suppression of the inflammatory response.

  4. Restoring gut microbiota abundance.
Yellow Tea Polysaccharide (YTP)167 HFD-fed 4-week-old male C57 BL/6 J mice Gavage YTP for 12 weeks

  1. Regulation of bile acid metabolism.

  2. Restoration of gut microbiota diversity.
Inulin168 HSD-fed mice  

  1. Improves liver steatosis and inflammation.

  2. Restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier.

  3. Regulates the composition of the gut microbiota.
NUTRIOSE® Soluble Fibre169 IGN-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet  

  1. Regulation of hepatic steatosis.

  2. Regulates the composition of the gut microbiota.
Auricularia auriculae polysaccharide (Auricularia auriculae polysaccharide)170 HFHCD combined with carbon tetrachloride induced in 6–8 week C57BL/6 male mice Gavage for 8 weeks.

  1. Effectively reduces liver damage, inflammation and fibrosis.

  2. Maintenance of intestinal barrier function.

  3. Regulates bile acid metabolism and reduces cholestasis.

  4. Regulates gut microbiota dysbiosis.
Low molecular weight polysaccharide RPP-2 from Pueraria lobata root171 HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice Gavage for 12 weeks

  1. Reduce inflammation.

  2. Regulating steatosis to reduce liver injury.

  3. Regulation of the abundance of gut microbiota and their metabolites.
IOEC Extract172 Fructose-fed C57BL/6J mice Gavage for 12 weeks

  1. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis.

  2. Improves liver inflammation.

  3. Alter the composition of the gut microbiota.
Oligofructose and cassis polyphenol extracts173 HFD-fed Zucker rats Add oligofructose and cassis polyphenol extract to your diet.

  1. Reduces liver fat accumulation and blood lipid levels.

  2. The liver is more resistant to oxygen.

  3. Elevates insulin sensitivity.
Artemisia argyi polysaccharide174 Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammation in mice 21 days by gavage

  1. Regulates the composition of gut microbiota.

  2. Restoration of intestinal barrier function.
Mulberry leaf aqueous extract175 HFD-fed ICR mice Gavage for 6 weeks

  1. Reduces fatty degeneration.

  2. Enhances the antioxidant capacity of the liver.

  3. Regulates gut microbiota.
Anionic polysaccharide GG176 HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice Gavage for 12 weeks

  1. Reduces blood lipid levels.

  2. Regulates gut microbiota.

  3. Promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids.

  4. Improves liver inflammation.
Synbiotics      
Bifidobacteria, Streptococcus thermophilus and Inulin (HS)177 HFD-fed male mice Gavage for 8 weeks

  1. Improvement of lipid metabolism.

  2. Inhibit the development of inflammation.

  3. Restoration of intestinal barrier function.

  4. Restoration of gut microbiota composition.
Contains piperine, fulvic acid, silymarin herbs and a probiotic blend (F3)178 HFD-fed C57BL/6 J male mice Gavage for 1 month

  1. Improvement of lipid metabolism.

  2. Restoration of gut microbiota composition.
Synbiotic composition of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium infantis and konjac glucomannan oligosaccharides179 HFD-fed C57 BL/6 J male mice Gavage for 12 weeks

  1. Improvement of lipid metabolism.

  2. Restoration of gut microbiota composition.

  3. Restoration of intestinal barrier function.
Mu l tistrain probiotic mixture and prebiotic inulin fibre180 HSHFD-fed rats Gavage for 12 weeks

  1. Reduce the degree of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis.
Prebiotic oat beta-glucan (OAT) and the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG181 HFD-fed C57BL/6N mice Gavage for 17 weeks

  1. It has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Abbreviation: HFD: high-fat diet; HSD: high sucrose diet; HFHCD: high-fat and high-cholesterol diet; HFHFD: high-fat high-fructose diet; HSHFD: high-sucrose high-fat diet.