Table 5.

On-site sampling studies of polymer NMP air pollution.

Study	Country	Objectives	Methodology
Akhtar et al. [41]	Pakistan, Lahore	To investigate the indoor source and abundance of microplastics in private dental units during routine professional activities.	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Tang et al. [40]	China, Shanghai	To quantify ultrafine particle concentrations in real multi-chair dental clinics and to compare the levels of ultrafine particles produced by different dental procedures	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Rafiee et al. [39]	Canada, Edmonton	To characterise the size and concentrations of particles emitted from seven different dental procedures	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Lahdentausta et al. [38]	Finland, Helsinki	To measure aerosol generation in various dental procedures in clinical settings.	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Field et al. [37]	U.K., Kingston	to quantify and characterise the microparticles present within the surgical environment over a one-week sampling period	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Polednik [36]	Poland, Lublin	To report comprehensive measurements of aerosol particle number and mass concentrations during individual dental procedures in real working conditions.	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Sotiriou et al. [35]	USA, Massachusetts	To describe the first systematic measurements of particle number, size, mass concentrations, and elemental composition of the particles in a dental office during dental drilling procedures associated with fillings and crowns	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory
Henriks-Eckerman et al. [34]	Finland, Turku	To study exposure to airborne methacrylates and natural rubber latex allergens during the placement of dental resin-based composites in six clinics	Air sampling in an oral healthcare operatory