3D visualization design of digital intelligent landscape environment based on wireless network security

Abstract

The digital revolution is sweeping all areas of human life at an unprecedented speed. Landscape design, as an important discipline that affects people’s quality of life, is also undergoing a digital transformation. This transformation has brought about different modes of thinking and expressions. This paper first introduces digital technology and then explores its application in space creation. Through 3D visualization modeling, an outdoor planning scheme is generated. The study compares the differences between this digital method and the traditional method in terms of frame loss rate and user satisfaction. The results show that the frame loss rate of the 3D visualization method is between 0.2% and 0.4%, and the user satisfaction is 30% higher than that of the traditional method.

Introduction

With the rapid development of the information society, the field of landscape design is undergoing a profound digital transformation. Traditional landscape design methods rely on static drawings and low-complexity tools, which are difficult to meet the complex needs of modern society for landscape diversity, interactivity and aesthetic value¹. At the same time, digital technologies with three-dimensional visualization and wireless network technology as the core have rapidly emerged, providing landscape design with more intuitive expression methods and dynamic interaction possibilities. Especially in a wireless network environment, landscape design must not only pursue visual beauty, but also take into account the stability and security of data transmission, which puts higher requirements on the integrated application. In this context, exploring how to build an intelligent landscape design platform through three-dimensional visualization technology has become a key direction for promoting industry change².

The introduction of digital technology has brought revolutionary breakthroughs to landscape design. Three-dimensional visualization technology significantly improves the intuitiveness and modifiability of design solutions through real-time rendering, dynamic modeling and immersive interaction, enabling designers to more efficiently balance aesthetics, functionality and environmental adaptability. In addition, with the support of wireless networks, digital landscape platforms need to solve technical challenges such as data encryption and real-time transmission optimization to ensure the stable presentation of design results in a complex network environment. However, existing research focuses on technical principles or single-scenario applications, lacking systematic verification of the actual effectiveness of three-dimensional visualization methods in terms of stability and user perception. Therefore, it is urgent to quantify the advantages of digital technology through empirical research to provide a scientific basis for industry practice.

This paper explores the application of 3D visualization design methods in digital intelligent landscape environments and provides an innovative design idea. By combining digital technology with landscape modeling, the paper compares the frame loss rate and user satisfaction of 3D visualization design methods and traditional design methods. The results show that 3D visualization design not only has technical advantages and a low frame loss rate, but also significantly improves user satisfaction. This finding not only verifies the effectiveness in landscape design, but also provides new ideas and methods for future landscape design practices, and promotes the development of digital landscape design.

Related work

The digital landscape is displayed by using a variety of digital display technologies and 3D technologies, combined with traditional gardening, sculpture, waterscape, lighting technology and other technologies. It combines words, images, sounds, smells, lights and various forms of interaction, forming a new landscape beyond tradition and imagination. Scholars also discussed digital landscape. Digital landscape representation is often used to provide illustrations of design landscapes that have not yet been implemented, rather than deploying operational design strategies in the design and reception process. Lee Myeong-Jun criticized the realism of digital expression in current landscape design. To illustrate this general trend, he created the term “photo fake”, namely, a real landscape image that imitates design but has not yet been realized. The result showed that the reality of photos was not the reality of the real world, but depended on the established painting conventions of art and the aesthetics of scenery³. Webster Andrew discussed what can be understood as “digital landscape”. He also pointed out the way of social actors in the geographical location of this landscape, and how they have the resources to do so, and studied the discourse, morality, law and infrastructure of digital landscape⁴. Wang Han proposed a virtual environment based on virtual reality (VR) technology and intelligent algorithm, which uses 3-bit binary to represent digital factors, and creates a virtual environment by simulating the display environment. The research shows that it is feasible to apply VR technology and intelligent algorithm to coastal landscape design, and has achieved certain results⁵. van Dooren Noel discussed criticism as a specific tool for evaluating and discussing art products, and believed that relatively young landscape disciplines could benefit from further development of criticism in this field. He put forward a critical theory, focusing on “basic evaluation”. He outlined the media for criticism, including social media. Through examples of art and architecture, he described the role of criticism in landscape⁶. These studies have introduced the principles and characteristics of landscape design in detail, but the relevant content is too academic and it is difficult for readers to intuitively feel the changes in landscape design. Based on this, many scholars have conducted research on landscape 3D visualization.

In the discussion of 3D visual design of landscape, there are also many scholars. Around the world, thousands of reservoirs and dams have flooded the valleys, becoming a concrete symbol of the Anthropocene. These landscapes, as well as material or intangible cultural heritage, are submerged. 3D digital tools can effectively reproduce these landscapes and restore the visibility of these underwater heritage. Mazagol P-O proposed a 3D geographic information system method combining 3D geographic visualization to reconstruct the sinking landscape^7,8. Augmented reality (AR) allows a new way to interact with 3D landscape representation, so as to understand its orientation relative to the environment to determine the target location. In the positioning of 3D landscape, Carbonell Carrera Carlos analyzed whether AR spatial terrain improved learners’ spatial orientation skills. The research results show that the use of AR 3D applications and the development of tablets and smartphones can make 3D landscape design possible in formal teaching and the implementation of space development strategies⁹. Bach Benjamin compared augmented reality HMDs, handheld tablets and desktop settings, and proposed a classification based on three dimensions: perception, interaction, and their spatial and cognitive proximity. The results show that each test environment is more effective for some tasks, but usually the desktop environment is the fastest and most accurate in almost all cases⁹. Using detailed 3D city models, Kikuchi developed a digital twin outdoor augmented reality method to facilitate non-expert citizen participation in the decision-making process of urban design by visualizing the city digital twin¹⁰. Elhamod proposed a new nonlinear landscape visualization method based on autoencoders, which showed good flexibility and fidelity in high-dimensional landscapes¹¹. Scholars have some deficiencies in the research of 3D visualization of digital intelligent landscape environment. This paper discusses the 3D visualization of digital landscape.

This paper constructs a digital intelligent landscape design platform based on a wireless network environment by combining three-dimensional visualization technology and digital modeling methods. The study first uses discrete elevation calculation and inverse distance weighted interpolation algorithm to optimize terrain data processing, and then uses the OpenGL graphics library to implement geometric modeling, lighting rendering and anti-aliasing processing to generate a highly stable three-dimensional landscape model. In addition, the article introduces edge-related optimization technology, adjusts the image boundary weight through the grayscale gradient matrix, effectively eliminates screen jitter and visual color difference, and ensures high-definition display of three-dimensional scenes. This method not only shows significant advantages in frame loss rate, but also improves user satisfaction. It verifies the effectiveness of three-dimensional visualization technology in improving the stability of landscape design and user experience, and provides new technical support and practical paths for intelligent landscape design.

3D visual design of digital intelligent landscape environment

“Digital landscape” is a new technology that combines computer, image and media technology and photoelectric control. It combines text, image, sound, light and other technologies to create a new landscape space in the landscape through a variety of interactive ways. From the perspective of landscape, “digital landscape” is a combination of landscape design and digital technology. It is a joint innovation of interdisciplinary, which is a process of constantly improving the theory of landscape science. Landscape simulation, geographic design and data mining would be the future research directions. The application of digital landscape in digital technology is mainly manifested in the effective and reasonable analysis of data using digital technology, so as to achieve the optimal effect. With the progress of computer technology, the application of digital technology is becoming more and more extensive. The development and use of landscape design software has made great changes in the traditional manual design.

Landscape is an important part of people’s experience of life, and landscape is constantly developing. Landscape design is the product of common development with human society. In the process of scientific and technological development, landscape art has gradually changed from regionalization to popularization, and gradually developed into a real public art^12,13. Landscape art is an expression of public space. Its existence is to express people’s inner spiritual aesthetic needs. Its existence is not limited to the form of expression, but also reflects its intrinsic value. As a visual symbol of culture, it is a universal aesthetic, even a historical feature.

The construction process of landscape is actually a psychological projection. It is not a simple design of simple space art. Its ultimate goal is still to meet people’s psychological needs, and it has the function of inheriting culture and history. It permeates people’s daily life. For example, every tree and grass on the street guides the audience with a dynamic spiritual symbol to face the surrounding environment.

Application of digital technology

With the development of digital technology, digital technology has brought great changes to people. New ideas are gradually accepted by people, and people are also getting used to the convenience of the digital age. The basic principle of digitization is to convert the collected information into measurable figures. Based on this, the corresponding digital model is constructed, and the binary encoding of “0” and “1” recognized by the computer is finally realized, which is further processed, stored and transmitted by the computer, and finally digitalized.

The convenience of digital products determines that its application scope is more and more extensive. With its development, its economic driving and control capabilities are also accelerating the development of society. The most obvious technologies are information dissemination, data compression, and timely correction. This is very rare in today’s society. Nowadays, people have unknowingly entered the digital era, just like every household has digital TV, everyone has digital mobile phones, everyone has network accounts, email, SMS, and so on.

In today’s world, with the increasing development of digital technology, the development of information and technology is also changing. For example, information technology provides people with information sharing and transmission, and new multimedia technology has brought great entertainment to mankind. Each stage of design can be described by numbers. The characteristics of digitalization include intelligence, integration and parallelism. Intelligentization is the combination of modern design means and technology. It no longer requires designers to understand the entire production process, but can produce products that meet the requirements of designers according to their requirements. Integration refers to the transformation of modern design system from a whole to a complete system related to the design cycle.

Digital technology has a wide range of connotations, which covers parametric design, generative design, building interaction technology, building information model and other aspects. It is the forefront of current scientific and technological development. Digital design development covers all aspects of design, such as visual communication, environment, clothing design, animation image, industrial modeling, etc. The development of digital architecture technology provides architects with many opportunities to directly contact with architectural technology, and also provides them with inspiration for creation.

Landscape design ideas under digital technology

The application of digital technology in landscape design is increasingly extensive, and its function has changed from computer diagnosis assistance to parametric collaborative design, which puts forward new requirements for the concept, content and method of landscape design. The key of digital design is the design process. Through optimizing the design process and design ideas, it can achieve the optimization of design and greatly improve the efficiency and accuracy of design.

At present, the application of digital technology in landscape design is mainly reflected in these aspects. First, in terms of expression, digital technology and landscape design are combined to add many art forms, such as installation art, projection art, graphic art and auditory art. Secondly, in terms of media equipment, digital technology integrates computer, projector, display, sensor, voice control equipment, communication equipment and other digital media. Third, at the technical level, the creation of landscape design is deeply discussed through modern scientific and technological means such as computer, image, VR, holographic image, interactive sensing, remote sensing, multimedia, etc. Digital technology is gradually changing the development direction of landscape design by using intangible media. This way would become a new force and be adopted by more and more people. With the continuous development of computer, remote sensing, geographic information system, global satellite positioning and other technologies, digital landscape technology has developed for more than 30 years in China.

Traditional text, topographic map, hand drawn map, image map and other ways are used to describe landscape information, and their media forms are mainly paper or film. The digital acquisition of landscape information can be divided into two ways: one is to record the existing data in a storage medium. The other is to use modern technology to conduct quantitative processing of landscape information and record it digitally on a media.

Digital landscape design is an important technology in landscape science, which is an important means to realize the development of modern landscape theory and practice^14,15. First of all, in the landscape digital technology, the most important element is not the technology itself, but the transcendence of professional ideas. On the other hand, the forerunner of any academic thought must rely on the support of modern science & technology. In the past, the professional concept of “Arabian Nights” has been driven by the continuous development of high-tech. The development of landscape digitalization from its birth to today has become increasingly mature and enriched¹⁶. Landscape digitization is an important part of landscape discipline. It is not only a technology, but also a method. It is also a forward-looking guidance in the future. It would play a supporting and leading role in professional theories, methods and technologies, especially in the landscape analysis and evaluation from the physical environment to the psychological and spiritual feelings of the landscape, which would still become one of the most cutting-edge research and application directions^17,18. With the development of computer, spatial information technology and other technologies, the technology development of landscape digital landscape would become more and more rich, and the technical system would become more and more open and rich, with great application prospects¹⁹.

Visualization of 3D landscape model

In geography, landscape is a natural landscape with aesthetic characteristics. The terrain where people live includes undulating terrain, clear rivers, bustling people, tall buildings, lush trees, clouds, rain and other natural phenomena, which influence each other to form a whole landscape^20,21. Landscape is a complex of terrain, vegetation, water, natural phenomena, artificial structures and human beings22. Specific landscape elements are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Landscape elements.

Landscape modeling is the mathematical modeling of the real landscape using computers. Generally speaking, the modeling of landscape can be explained into three levels: conceptual model design, logical model design, and entity model design, as shown in Table 1. Perception and quality of service models are used to determine the location, feature information, and geometric location information in modeling. Logical architecture refers to the logical framework for effective control and management in the model. The entity model determines the memory composition, storage form, memory address, memory quantity and index on the computer.

Table 1.

Phases of landscape modeling.

Step	Project	Include content
1	Realistic landscape	-
2	Conceptual model	Geometry, attributes, relationship information
3	Logical model	Organization, management, model data
4	Physical model	Storage mode, location, allocation and indexing mode
5	Landscape model	-

The development of computer graphics technology has promoted the realization of three-dimensional expression technology, which enables us to simulate objects in real scenes through computers and present complex data in a three-dimensional form. 3D landscape modeling visualization technology is to convert 3D terrain modeling into graphics or images on the computer screen by using computer graphics and image processing technology. Visualization technology enables people to process 3D images in computers. On the computer, real three-dimensional objects should be processed to some extent. The processing flow is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

The 3D visualization flow chart.

The real three-dimensional object is in the real world coordinate system, that is, the world coordinate system. The model generates an observation coordinate system by rotating or translating to a new position, in which the object can be cropped, illuminated and texture mapped. Then, the target in the three-dimensional observation coordinate system can be projected onto a two-dimensional plane called a viewport, and the image can be displayed on the screen through viewport conversion.

With the continuous development of computer graphics technology, various 3D graphics tools are emerging, such as OpenGL of Silicon Graphics, Microsoft’s Direct3D, Virtual Reality Modeling Language, and Sun’s Java3D. OpenGL is used in this article. It is an open source graphics software that is independent of windows and operating systems. It can be easily ported between various platforms. Specific functions include:

Modeling: any complex figure is composed of geometric elements such as points, lines, polygons, etc. OpenGL not only provides the drawing function of points, lines and polygons, but also provides the drawing function of some more complex three-dimensional solid objects (such as balls, boxes, cones), curves and surfaces.

Transformation function: any complex figure is a basic geometric element formed by a series of transformations. OpenGL provides three basic computer graphics transformations.

Color mode setting: Color is a necessary means to generate high fidelity images. OpenGL has two color modes: RGBA color mode and indexed color mode. The color pattern is composed of red, yellow, blue and color index number.

Lighting and material settings: To draw realistic three-dimensional objects, it must have light and materials. There are four types of OpenGL: radiant light, ambient light, diffuse light, and reflected light. The influencing factors are material and reflection coefficient.

Anti-aliasing: When drawing with OpenGL, a bitmap is used, so a zigzag shape would be generated when drawing. The existence of this zigzag shape is called “deformation”. It can use a certain algorithm to remove the sawtooth at the edge of the sawtooth, which is called anti aliasing, and then conduct anti aliasing processing to make the picture look more realistic.

Fusion: OpenGL can fuse the source color and target color to a certain extent through some methods to obtain the final target color.

Double cache animation: OpenGL’s two cache technologies are used for animation implementation. When animating an application, it can first draw the image to the background buffer area. After drawing, it can store the pictures in the buffer area, transfer them to the front buffer area through the buffer area switch, and then display the pictures on the screen. At this time, the background buffer area is drawing the next picture. If this is repeated, the front-end cache would always display the drawn image in the background cache. OpenGL starts with a specific vertex, goes through several steps, and finally writes the pixel value to the frame extraction. The principle of OpenGL visualization is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

OpenGL visualization principle.

Objects in the real world are three-dimensional, usually expressed by height, width and depth, while the computer display screen is flat. A series of transformations are required to render three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional screen. The process of constructing 3D landscape with OpenGL is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

Flow chart of building 3D landscape.

This paper adopts 3D visualization technology and digital modeling methods, combined with the landscape design needs in a wireless network environment, to build a 3D visualization platform for digital intelligent landscape. The system mainly uses the OpenGL graphics library for 3D modeling and rendering, and generates highly stable 3D landscape models through key technologies such as geometric modeling, lighting processing, and anti-aliasing optimization. At the same time, it introduces edge-related optimization algorithms and uses grayscale gradient matrices to adjust image boundary weights, effectively eliminating screen jitter and visual color difference, and improving image display quality. In terms of human-computer interaction interface, the system supports a combination of static display and dynamic operation. Users can observe 3D scenes from multiple angles and adjust parameters through a mouse, keyboard, or potential touch screen devices, and can achieve remote access and collaborative design in a wireless network environment.

Design scheme of 3D digital platform of landscape

The hardware facilities of the system mainly include: information collector, digital controller, scanning equipment, information storage, power manager and other equipment. In addition, the landscape 3D digital system also includes full efficiency image function and data connection function between various system components. The redesigned landscape 3D digital system design is shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.

Landscape 3D digital structure.

The first step is to calculate the discrete elevation of the data. The introduction of discrete elevation calculation can ensure that the designed 3D digital terrain platform can obtain clear 3D terrain images. A method of inverse distance weighted elevation interpolation is proposed, so that the discrete elevation calculation of 3D images must first carry out “inverse distance weight”. Its mathematical formulas can be expressed as:

1

2

Among them, represents the stability of the connection weight value of the collected image signal; represents the pixel resolution of the image signal. represents the inverse distance relationship with 3D image signal; is the visual color difference contained in 3D scene information. H is the difference of enthalpy value formed in the process of inverse distance weight of three-dimensional space image information. The formulas can be used to “standardize” the collected scene data information, which can also make the operation easier. The calculation formulas for discrete processing of data information is:

3

4

Among them, represents the phase difference caused by the dispersion of internal discrete data to i; S represents the difference between minimum dispersion and weight. The discrete elevation algorithm is mainly used to set the pixel weight of the image. The discrete method enables the unordered program to proceed orderly. The program is as follows:

5

Among them, ,, are the distance difference corresponding to the three-dimensional pixel positions respectively. The three-dimensional terrain image using discrete elevation method has good stability. Under some data interference, it can be quickly eliminated, and to a certain extent, it ensures the differential control of data, and prevents the image frequency hopping caused by visual color difference. In view of the causes of screen shake, the edge correlation is optimized to make it have sufficient edge correlation and stability, so as to eliminate screen shake fundamentally. If F is the gray level of the edge, the matrix order of the edge gray level can be obtained:

6

Among them, is the gray color difference of the image, and is the edge correlation weight of the image. The boundary operators are arranged in the form of matrix to ensure the stability of the boundary. The expression can be:

7

By effectively editing the edge operator, the gray gradient of 3D image can be obtained. The edge and gray gradient of the image can be stabilized by using the boundary correlation, so that the image can be very stable. The 3D digital platform can achieve high-definition display.

For the discrete elevation calculation of 3D terrain images, this paper proposes an inverse distance weighted interpolation method, which can accurately calculate the discrete elevation of 3D terrain images and ensure image stability and high-quality display. The discrete elevation algorithm combines the pixel resolution and color difference of the image to optimize the processing process of terrain data and avoid the problems of image frequency jump and edge instability caused by data interference. In addition, the edge-related optimization technology is used to further ensure the edge stability of the image, thereby improving the quality of the final three-dimensional digital landscape image, making it clearer and more stable during the display process.

The combination of 3D visualization technology and wireless network security can be achieved by enhancing network security situation awareness. Specifically, 3D visualization can visualize complex data such as the topology of wireless networks, device locations, and traffic information, helping security experts monitor network security status in an intuitive way. In the 3D visualization platform, each node, communication path, and potential security threats of the network can be presented in 3D graphics, making the detection and response of security incidents more efficient.

In addition, the connection between 3D visualization and wireless network security is also reflected in the tracking and analysis of attack paths. By integrating wireless network security data, 3D visualization can display the propagation path of malicious activities in real time. The monitoring system for network attacks can display the source of the attack, the expansion path, and its impact range through a 3D spatial model, thereby helping network administrators quickly locate the problem and take effective measures. Combined with the dynamic nature of wireless networks, 3D visualization can also adjust the display content in real time to reflect changes in network structure and security situation.

Comparative analysis of 3D visualized digital landscape

The data sources of this study mainly include experimental data and questionnaire survey data. The experimental data were obtained through a three-dimensional digital platform. During the test, the landscape images generated by the traditional landscape design method and the three-dimensional visualization design method were evaluated respectively, focusing on the frame loss rate, color difference and grayscale level changes. All experiments were carried out under the same hardware environment to ensure that other influencing factors such as lighting and scene complexity remained consistent. The relevant data were automatically calculated by image analysis software, providing a basis for subsequent analysis.

The questionnaire survey was conducted in a combination of paper and electronic questionnaires, and the participants included the general public and landscape design professionals. 100 valid questionnaires were collected each time, and a total of three questionnaire surveys were conducted. The evaluation content involved the aesthetics, interactivity, clarity and other dimensions of the landscape effect. The data was statistically analyzed by software such as SPSS, and variance analysis and other methods were used to compare the differences in user satisfaction between the traditional design method and the three-dimensional visualization design method. This data processing process ensures the scientificity and reliability of the results.

The frame rate of 3D images directly affects people’s viewing experience. The lower the frame loss rate, the more stable the landscape image. In this paper, the frame loss rate of traditional landscape design methods and 3D visual landscape design methods can be obtained through the hardware equipment of the 3D digital landscape platform, as shown in Fig. 6. (6 A: traditional method, 6B: three-dimensional method).

Fig. 6.

Frame loss rate comparison of two methods. (A) Frame loss rate of traditional methods. (B) 3D method frame loss rate.

The effect of lower frame loss rates on user perception should be supported with empirical data. It can be seen from the traditional method in Fig. 6A that the frame loss rate has been showing a downward trend and tends to be stable after 60 min. The frame loss rate of the traditional method ranges from 0.6 to 0.8%. In the 3D method in Fig. 6B, the frame loss rate also shows a downward trend and tends to be stable at 60 min. The frame loss rate of the 3D method ranges from 0.2 to 0.4%. It also shows that the images obtained by 3D landscape visualization design would be more stable and superior to traditional methods.

The satisfaction of the landscape image obtained by the two methods is obtained through the questionnaire, and the image satisfaction of the two methods is shown in Fig. 7. (7 A: traditional method, 7B: three-dimensional method).

Fig. 7.

Comparison of satisfaction of two methods.

In Fig. 7A, the average of the three times of dissatisfaction in the traditional method is 59%, and the average of satisfaction is 41%. In Fig. 7B, the average of dissatisfaction is 29%, and the average of satisfaction is 71%. It can be found that the satisfaction of digital landscape designers through 3D visualization is higher, which is 30% higher than that of traditional methods.

From the results, the frame loss rate of the 3D visualization design method is significantly lower than that of the traditional design method, and it shows better stability during the experiment. The reasons for this phenomenon can be mainly attributed to several aspects.

First, the 3D visualization design method uses more advanced image rendering technology, and its image processing and generation process is more efficient. On modern digital platforms, three-dimensional rendering can better utilize hardware acceleration technology, such as GPU rendering, which makes image generation smoother and reduces frame loss caused by system performance limitations. In contrast, traditional methods often rely on static 2D images and low-complexity design tools, so they are easily limited by device performance during image conversion and display, resulting in a high frame loss rate.

Secondly, 3D visualization methods usually improve image processing efficiency and stability through refined image optimization algorithms and data compression technologies. These optimization technologies can reduce image jitter or frame loss problems during long-term use, so that 3D images can maintain higher stability and lower frame loss rate under long-term display. However, due to the lack of such real-time optimization and feedback mechanism, traditional methods have poor image stability and high frame loss rate.

From the perspective of user perception, a lower frame loss rate means that the image is smoother and more delicate, and users can get a better visual experience when watching 3D landscape design. Smooth images and less stuttering can help enhance the user’s sense of immersion and participation, thereby increasing user satisfaction with the design. This is one of the reasons why 3D visualization design methods have an advantage over traditional methods in terms of user satisfaction. The stability of the image directly affects the user’s evaluation and acceptance of the overall design, further proving the superiority of 3D visualization methods in modern landscape design.

In order to quantify the advantages of 3D visualization methods in digital landscape design, this study conducted a statistical significance test on the frame loss rate and user satisfaction of traditional methods and 3D visualization methods through comparative experiments and questionnaire surveys. The experimental data came from 60 min of frame loss rate monitoring (n = 60) and 300 user questionnaires (150 in each group). The independent sample t-test and double-proportion Z-test were used to analyze the significance of the difference (α = 0.05). Table 2 shows the performance comparison of the two methods.

Table 2.

Statistical significance test.

Indicators	Traditional methods	3D visualization methods	P	95% confidence interval
Frame loss rate (%)	0.70 ± 0.10	0.30 ± 0.05	< 0.001***	[0.32, 0.48]
User satisfaction (%)	41%	71%	< 0.001***	[22.45%, 37.55%]

As can be seen from Table 2, the average frame loss rate of the 3D visualization method is 0.30% (± 0.05%), which is significantly lower than the 0.70% (± 0.10%) of the traditional method, and the 95% confidence interval [0.32%, 0.48%] does not cover the zero value, indicating that the difference is of practical significance. In terms of user satisfaction, the 3D method has a satisfaction rate of 71%, far exceeding the 41% of the traditional method, and the 30% improvement is highly stable within the confidence interval [22.45%, 37.55%]. This result verifies the dual advantages of 3D technology in optimizing visual fluency (low frame loss rate) and enhancing interactive experience (high satisfaction), especially in wireless network environments, where its data optimization and anti-interference capabilities are crucial to improving design efficiency.

Discussion

This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of 3D visualization technology in improving image stability and user experience by building a 3D visualization digital intelligent landscape design platform based on a wireless network environment. The experimental results show that this method is significantly better than the traditional method in terms of frame loss rate, with an average value of 0.2–0.4%, while the traditional method is as high as 0.6–0.8%. This finding verifies the practical value of 3D graphics rendering optimization algorithm and GPU hardware acceleration technology in improving image fluency. Especially under long-term operation, the frame loss rate tends to be stable, indicating that the technology has good long-term operation stability and is suitable for landscape display and remote collaborative design scenarios with high visual performance requirements.

From the perspective of user satisfaction, the satisfaction rate of 3D visualization method reached 71%, which is 30% higher than that of traditional methods. The questionnaire survey results show that users generally believe that 3D landscape models have stronger advantages in visual clarity, interactivity and immersion. This improvement in perception is mainly due to the application of real-time rendering, anti-aliasing processing and edge-related optimization technology. These key technologies effectively reduce screen jitter and visual color difference problems, so that 3D scenes can maintain high-quality output on different resolutions and display devices. In addition, the human-computer interaction interface that supports multi-angle observation and parameter adjustment further enhances the user’s sense of participation and control ability, thereby improving the overall user experience.

It is worth noting that the innovation of this study is to closely combine wireless network communication with three-dimensional visualization to build a digital landscape platform that supports remote access and collaborative work. This architecture not only improves the accessibility and sharing efficiency of design data, but also provides technical support for public participatory landscape planning in the context of future smart cities. However, the adaptability of the current system in different network environments still needs further testing. How to optimize data transmission efficiency while ensuring image quality is still one of the technical challenges that need to be addressed in the future.

In addition, although this paper verified the significant differences in frame loss rate and user satisfaction between the two methods through statistical tests, there are still deficiencies in the diversity of user groups. For example, users of different age groups, professional backgrounds or cultural cognition levels may show different preferences and behavior patterns when using the 3D visualization landscape design platform. Therefore, subsequent research can further verify the universality and applicability of this method in cross-group applications by introducing a wider range of user samples and diversified evaluation dimensions.

Finally, at the technical implementation level, this study uses the OpenGL graphics library as the core rendering engine, which reflects the flexibility and scalability of open source tools in scientific research and engineering practice. However, with the rapid development of new generation visualization platforms such as WebGL, Unity and Unreal Engine, future system designs can consider introducing more mature graphics development frameworks to enhance cross-platform compatibility, simplify development processes and improve rendering performance. At the same time, combined with artificial intelligence-driven automatic modeling and semantic analysis technology, it is expected to achieve a higher level of intelligent landscape generation and optimization, and promote the development of digital landscape design towards automation and personalization.

Conclusions

This paper studies the advantages and potential of 3D visualization design in landscape design by exploring the application of 3D visualization design in digital intelligent landscape environment based on wireless network security. The results show that the 3D visualization design method is not only significantly better than the traditional method in terms of frame loss rate, but also improves user satisfaction by more than 30%. This shows that digital technology, especially 3D visualization design method, has significant advantages in improving the interactivity, visualization effect and user experience of landscape design. In addition, digital technology can effectively solve the limitations of traditional design methods in diversity and complexity, and can better meet the multi-dimensional needs of modern people for landscape design. However, there are also some shortcomings in this paper, such as insufficient adaptability analysis for different environments and different user groups, and how to further improve the actual application effect of wireless network security in digital landscape design still needs to be further studied. In the future, with the continuous advancement of technology, digital landscape design will play a greater role in improving environmental aesthetics, interactivity and intelligence, and promote the comprehensive transformation of landscape design concepts and practices. Therefore, future research can further explore how to optimize the combination of 3D visualization technology and wireless network security to cope with more complex design needs and environmental changes.

Author contributions

Xiayan Liao wrote the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.