−COO−	carboxylate anion
−COOH	carboxyl group
−OH	hydroxyl group
°C	degrees Celsius
µg/mL	microgram per milliliter (10−6 g per 10−3 L)
µg/L	microgram per liter (10−6 g per liter)
µmol	micromole (10−6 moles)
1Δg O2	singlet oxygen
1O2	singlet oxygen
11-oxo-12-ene	a fragment of an oleanane molecule with a ketone group at C-11 and an unsaturated bond starting at C-12 atom
17-COOH	carboxyl group located at the C-17 position of oleanane skeleton
2α-OH	hydroxyl group located at the C-2 position of oleanane skeleton and at the α orientation
3α-OH	hydroxyl group located at the C-3 position of oleanane skeleton and at the α orientation
3β-OH	hydroxyl group located at the C-3 position of oleanane skeleton and at the β orientation
3-Ac-OA	3-acetyloleanolic acid
3-oxo-OA	oleanonic acid, “3-oxooleanolic” acid (incorrect name)
3-OH	hydroxyl group located at the C-3 position of oleanane skeleton
3-Pht-OA	3-phthaloyloleanolic acid
A2780	ovarian cancer cells
AAE	Ascorbic Acid Equivalent
AAPH	(2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride)
ABTS	2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
AcOADs	acetylated oleanolic acid dimers
AGEPs	advanced glycation end products
A-H	electron donor or proton donor
AhR	aryl hydrocarbon receptor
AKT/eNOS	protein kinase B/endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ARE	antioxidant response element
B16	murine melanoma cell line
BA	betulinic acid
Bax	Bcl-2-associated protein x, B-cell lymphoma 2-associated protein x
BHT	butylated hydroxytoluene
Br-X-Br	α,ω-dihalogenoalkane or α,ω-dihalogenoalkene
BUN	blood urea nitrogen
C-12=C-13	double bond between carbon atoms at the 12 and 13 positions of oleanane skeleton
C-2,3	arrangement of two identical elements at the C-2 and C-3 position of the oleanane molecule
C-3 (C-5, etc.)	carbon atom at the position number 3 (number 5, etc.) of oleanane skeleton
C57BL/6	common inbred strain of laboratory mouse
CAT	catalase
CCl4/NADPH	carbon tetrachloride/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
CHP	cumine hydroperoxide (correct name: cumene hydroperoxide)
CIRI	cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury
CK-MB	creatine kinase-myocardial band
Cl-Au-PPh3	chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I); correct abbreviation: (Ph3P)AuCl or Au(PPh3)Cl)
Co(II)/EDTA	cobalt(II) ions and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2; prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2
Cu2+	element copper in its +2 oxidation state
CYO1A1	cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1
DMAPP	dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
CML	carboxymethyl lysine
DMF	N,N-dimethylformamide
DN	Diabetic nephropathy
DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid
Dox	doxorubicin
DPPH	1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
DPPH•	1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical
DSS	Dahl-salt sensitive (rats)
e−	electron, electron donor
ECM	extracellular matrix
epi-OA	epi-oleanolic acid
e.g.,	exempli gratia (Lat.), for example (Eng.)
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ERS	endoplasmic reticulum stress
et al.	et alia (Lat.), and others (Eng.)
etc.	et cetera (Lat.), and so on (Eng.)
Fe2+	element iron in its +2 oxidation state
Fe3+	element iron in its +3 oxidation state
[Fe(TPTZ)2]3+	ferric-tripyridyltriazine
[Fe(TPTZ)2]3+	reduced ferric-tripyridyltriazine
FRAP	Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power
FTIR	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
CGLc	glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
GA	glycyrrhetinic acid
GS	Granny Smith (apple variety)
GSH	glutathione in its reduced form
GSH/GSSG	reduced to oxidized glutathione
GSH-Px	glutathione peroxidase
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
HCT-116	colon cancer cell line
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HFF	high fat and fructose
HO-1	heme oxygenase-1
HPLC	High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
HUVEC	human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IC50	minimum inhibitory concentration
i.e.,	id est (Lat.), that is, it means (Eng.)
IFN-γ	interferon-γ
IL-1β	interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	interleukin-6
IL-10	interleukin 10
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
IPP	isopentenyl pyrophosphate
I/R	ischemia/reperfusion
JAK-STAT	Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription
JNK	cellular Jun N-terminal kinase
K2CO3	potassium carbonate
K562	chronic myelogenous leukemia
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
KIM-1	kidney injury molecule 1
L1210	mouse lymphocytic leukemia cell line
LC3-II	lipidated form of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LDL	low density lipoprotein
Lipo-OANPs	oleanolic acid loaded liposomal nanoparticles
LPS	lipopolysaccharides
LX-2	human hepatic stellate cell line
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAP-kinase
MCF-10A	human breast epithelial cell line
MDA	malondialdehyde
MDA-MB-231	triple negative human epithelial breast cancer cells
MEP	methylerythritol phosphate
MEs	microemulsions
ME-1, ME-2	microemulsion no. 1, microemulsion no. 2
mg	milligram (10−3 g)
mg/g	milligram per gram (10−3 g per gram)
mg/kg	milligram per kilogram (10−3 g per 103 g)
MPO	myeloperoxidase
miRNAs	key regulators of gene expression, play essential roles in the pathobiology of cancer
mmol	millimole (10−3 mole)
MMP1	matrix metalloproteinase 1
MMPs	matrix metalloproteinases
MPE	mango peel extract
MVA	mevalonic acid
MWCNTs/SPE	screen-printed electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
N2	nitrogen gas
NAC	N-acetylcysteine
NADPH	nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NaHMDS	sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
nano-OA	nanoparticles of oleanolic acid
NBT	nitroblue tetrazolium salt
n.d.	no data
N-EGR	non-enzymatic glycation reaction
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
nm	nanometer (10−9 m)
nM	nanomole (10−9 moles)
NE	nanoemulsion
NO	nitric oxide
NOX	NADPH-oxidase
Nrf2	nuclear erythroid 2-related transcription factor
NQO1	quinone oxidoreductase
•O2−	superoxide radical
•OH	hydroxyl radical
OA	oleanolic acid
OADs	oleanolic acid dimers
OANF	oleanolic acid nanofibers
OANPs	oleanolic acid nanoparticles
ODG/R	oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation
ORAC	Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
P12	pheochromocytoma tumor of the rat adrenal medulla
p62	stress-inducible protein
PAMPA	parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
pH	the negative decadic logarithm of the proton activity in the solution under scrutiny
PI3K/AKT	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and activated protein kinase
pKa	the negative decadic logarithm of acid dissociation constant
PM	particulate matter
PM2	particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less
PM10	particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less
PRX-1	peroxidoxin 1
QZG	human fetal liver cell line
RAW 264.7	murine macrophages
RD	Red Delicious (apple variety)
RG	Royal Gala (apple variety)
ROS	reactive oxygen species
rpm	revolutions per minute
RSA	radical scavenging sctivity
SDH	succinate dehydrogenase
SGOT	serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase
SGP	serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
SHR	spontaneously hypertensive rats
SMAD	Suppressor of Mothers Against Decapentaplegic
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SRB	sulforhodamine-B
tBHP	tert-butyl hydroperoxide
TAC	total antioxidant capacity
TE	trolox equivalent
TEM	transmission electron microscopy
TGF-β/SMAD2/3	transforming growth factor-β/SMAD 2 and SMAD 3
TGR5	Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5
THF	tetrahydrofurane
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
Trx	thioredoxin
TrxR	thioredoxin reductase
UA	ursolic acid
UUO	unilateral ureteral obstruction
XRD	X-ray diffraction