Application of Metaheuristics for Optimizing Predictive Models in iHealth: A Case Study on Hypotension Prediction in Dialysis Patients

. 2025 May 12;10(5):314. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics10050314

Algorithm 4 Binary Pendulum Search Algorithm.

Input: The population $X =$ ${X_{1}, X_{2}, \dots, X_{i}}$

Output: The updated population $X^{'} =$ ${X_{1}^{'}, X_{2}^{'}, \dots, X_{i}^{'}}$ and $B e s t$

1:
Initialize binary random population X
2:
Evaluate the objective function of each individual
3:
Identify the best individual in the population ( $B e s t$ )
4:
for $i t e r a t i o n (t)$ do
5:
for $s o l u t i o n (i)$ do
6:
for $d i m e n s i o n (j)$ do
7:
Update $p e n d_{i . j}^{t}$ by Equation (10)
8:
Update the position of $X_{i, j}^{t}$ using Equation (9)
9:
end for
10:
end for
11:
Binarization of population X using Algorithm 1
12:
Evaluate the objective function of each individual
13:
Update $B e s t$ if there is a better solution
14:
end for
15:
return the updated population $X^{'}$ where $B e s t$ is the best result