ACC	American College of Cardiology
AECs	Airway epithelial cells
AHA	American Heart Association
AH	Arterial hypertension
AHI	Apnea-hypopnea index
ALEs	Advanced lipoxidation end-products
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AOR	Adjusted odds ratio
ARIC	Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
BMI	Body mass index
BNP	B-type natriuretic peptide
BP	Blood pressure
CAD	Coronary artery disease
CD68	Cluster of differentiation 68
CHF	Chronic heart failure
CI	Confidence interval
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPAP	Continuous positive airway pressure
CR	Cardiac rehabilitation
CSE	Cigarette smoke extract
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CVH	Cardiovascular health
DAMP	Damage-associated molecular pattern
DCM	Diabetic cardiomyopathy
DEX	Dexpanthenol
ECHO	Echocardiographic
ECM	Extracellular matrix
ECV	Extracellular volume
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
EPCs	Endothelial progenitor cells
ERC	Elastin receptor complex
ESC	European Society of Cardiology
FAK kinases	Focal adhesion kinase kinases
FBG	Fasting blood glucose
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FHS	Framingham Heart Study
Gal-3	Galectin-3
GSH-Px	Glutathione peroxidase
HbA1C	Hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin)
HCD	Hypercaloric diet
HF	Heart failure
HFD	High-fat diet
HFpEF	Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
HFSA	Heart Failure Society of America
HIIT	High-intensity interval training
HOMA-IR	Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
HR	Hazard ratio
hsCRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
HVS	Hepatic vein serum
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IF	Intermittent fasting
IL-1β	Interleukin-1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin-6
LCN2	Lipocalin-2
LE8	Life’s Essential 8
LGALS3BP	Galectin-3 binding protein
LLPS	Liquid–liquid phase separation
LPC	Lysophosphatidylcholine
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
LS7	Life’s Simple 7
LV	Left ventricle
LVEF	Left ventricular ejection fraction
LVH	Left ventricular hypertrophy
MCP	Modified citrus pectin
MDA	Malondialdehyde
MIACT	Moderate-intensity aerobic continuous training
MRI	Magnetic resonance imaging
MUC1-C/EGFR	Mucin 1 C-terminal subunit/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
NAC	N-acetylcysteine
NADPH oxidase 2	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2
NASH	Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NO	Nitric oxide
NWGR	Asparagine-Tryptophan-Glycine-Arginine
NT-proBNP	N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide
OGTT	Oral glucose tolerance test
OR	Odds ratio
OSA	Obstructive sleep apnea
oxLDL	Oxidized low-density lipoprotein
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
POEM	Prospective Investigation of Obesity, Energy and Metabolism
PREVEND	Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease
PUFA	Polyunsaturated fatty acids
PVS	Portal vein serum
Ref.	References
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RUNX-2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
RV	Right ventricular
RVEF	Right ventricular ejection fraction
SANRA	Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles
SAT	Subcutaneous adipose tissue
SBP	Systolic blood pressure
SGLT2i	Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SNP	Sodium nitroprusside
SPPB	Short physical performance battery
SR proteins	Serine/arginine-rich proteins
STAT3	Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
STEMI	ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SVS	Systemic venous serum
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TC	Total cholesterol
TG	Triglycerides
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta.
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TOS	Total oxidative status
VAT	Visceral adipose tissue
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
VCID	Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia
VEGFR2	Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2
VO2	Oxygen uptake
VSMCs	Vascular smooth muscle cells
WAT	White adipose tissue
WC	Waist circumference
WONDERFUL	Weekly ONe-Day WatER-only Fasting InterventionaL trial
WT	Wild type
YAP	Yes-associated protein
α9nAChR	α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
↑	Increase
↓	Decrease