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. 2025 Apr 22;15(5):426. doi: 10.3390/brainsci15050426
TS Tourette syndrome
TD Tic disorder
ADHD Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
OCD Obsessive–compulsive disorder
ASD Autism spectrum disorder
M:F Male-to-female ratio
CTD Chronic tic disorder
DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
ODD Oppositional defiant disorder