Table 5.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
| Variables | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic factors | ||
| Females (vs. males) | 2.645 (1.180–5.929) | 0.018 |
| Age groups | ||
| 17–20 (ref *) years | 1 | |
| 21–24 years | 0.601 (0.297–1.216) | 0.157 |
| ≥25 years | 1.212 (0.482–3.048) | 0.683 |
| Area of study [Health science vs. others (ref *)] | 0.320 (0.099–1.033) | 0.057 |
| Year of study | ||
| First or second (ref *) | 1 | |
| Third or above | 0.504 (0.179–1.423) | 0.196 |
| Single vs. married (ref *) | 3.073 (0.684–13.800) | 0.143 |
| Current vs. former/no smoking (ref *) | 2.359 (1.080–5.153) | 0.031 |
| Health status factors | ||
| Chronic health condition [(≥1 vs. o (ref *)] | 0.885 (0.355–2.205) | 0.793 |
| Self-rated health good/excellent vs. fair/bad (ref *) | 0.645 (0.288–1.445) | 0.286 |
| Self-rated as vulnerable group [vs no (ref *)] | 0.407 (0.107–1.549) | 0.188 |
| Living with vulnerable individuals [vs no (ref *)] | 0.667 (0.335–1.331) | 0.251 |
| Experiences | ||
| Previous COVID-19 infection [moderate/severe vs. mild/none(ref *)] | 1.718 (0.674–4.376) | 0.257 |
| COVID-19 vaccinationDoses [(≥3 doses vs. <3 doses (ref *)] | 0.136 (0.054–0.339) | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 vaccinationSide effects [moderate severe vs. none/mild(ref *)] | 1.940 (0.624–6.031) | 0.252 |
| Flu vaccination [yes vs. no (ref *)] | 0.439 (0.212–0.910) | 0.027 |
| Attitudes [yes vs. no (ref *)] | ||
| Fear of vaccine side effects | 2.135 (1.126–4.049) | 0.020 |
| Reported vaccine side effects among family/friends | 3.079 (1.177–8.056) | 0.022 |
| Low perceived efficacy of vaccine | 12.132 (3.527–41.734) | <0.001 |
| Early vaccine distribution | 1.718 (0.893–3.304) | 0.105 |
| No need due to previous COVID-19 infection | 3.393 (1.047–11.002) | 0.042 |
| Belief that infection confers much greater immunity than a vaccine | 9.558 (1.190–76.742) | 0.034 |
| Perception of low susceptibility to disease or possible infection would not be severe | 9.368 (1.099–79.877) | 0.041 |
| Information insufficiency | 0.942 (0.491–1.809) | 0.858 |
| Belief that vaccine development is a way for pharmaceutical companies to make a profit/conspiracy belief | 2.520 (0.742–8.557) | 0.138 |
| Pregnancy | 9.172 (0.037–10.793) | 0.024 |
| Sources of information [yes vs. no (ref *)] | ||
| Anti-vaccination campaigns | 3.365 (0.385–29.384) | 0.272 |
| Doctors’ recommendation/scientist opinion | 0.108 (0.013–0.870) | 0.037 |
| Media/internet | 6.218 (1.692–22.848) | 0.006 |
| Government trust | 4.831 (0.494–47.223) | 0.176 |
| Religious beliefs | 3.980 (0.455–34.849) | 0.212 |
| ATAVAC scale (total score) | 0.216 (0.099–0.472) | <0.001 |
| Subscales | ||
| Value of adult vaccination subscale | 0.137 (0.058–0.321) | <0.001 |
| Safety concerns subscale | 0.615 (0.475–0.796) | <0.001 |
| Perceived barriers subscale | 1.004 (0.725–1.392) | 0.979 |
* The reference category against which comparisons are being conducted.