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. 2025 Apr 23;13(5):52. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence13050052
Citation Study Type Sample Size Data Analysis or Analyses
Hamadani et al. (2010) Longitudinal 801 Correlations, frequency distributions, regression (covariates: age, household assets, education)
Jaggy et al. (2023) Randomized, experimental, pre-test–post-test design 211 Descriptives, correlations, Latent Neighbour Change Model
Jaruchainiwat et al. (2024) Pre-test–post-test quasi-experimental design 50 T-tests
Lehman (2014) Cross-sectional 148 MANCOVA, multiple ANOVA, regressions (covariates: disability, age, gender, income)
Liddell and Masilela (1992) Cross-sectional, observational Not reported ANOVA
Lloyd and Howe (2003) Cross-sectional 72 Frequencies, partial correlations, T-tests (partial corrections controlling for age, sex)
Luo (2023) Cross-sectional, observational 1642 Correlation and regression (structural equation modelling) (covariates: gender, age, family income)
Lysyuk (1998) Cross-sectional
(grouped by age)
166 Chi-Square, frequencies
Maker et al. (2023) Cross-sectional, observational 917 Percentages
Malone et al. (1994) Cross-sectional, randomized 22 Correlational analysis
Masek et al. (2024) Cross-sectional, within-subjects 42 Logistic regression (covariates: parent age, parent education, toddler age, toddler gender)
McCabe et al. (1996) Study a and b: Cross-sectional within subjects Study a: 24
Study b: 24
Study a and a:
Multivariate repeated measures ANOVA (MANOVA)
McCabe et al. (1999) Randomized, quasi-controlled 24 MANOVA
Morgante (2013) Cross-sectional (dyads by gender) 36 Repeated measures ANOVA
Morrissey (2014) Non-randomized, longitudinal 21 Frequencies, group comparison across sessions
O’Connor and Stagnitti (2011) Quasi-experimental design 35 Non-parametric tests, ANCOVA (covariates: baseline age)
Pepler and Ross (1981) Study a and b: Cross-sectional, experimental Study a: 64
Study b: 72
Study a and b:
Frequencies, ANOVA (covariates: age, sex)
Rogers (1984) Cross-sectional, grouped by age 49 Pearson Correlation Coefficients
Saracho (1992) Cross-sectional (over three months) 300 MANOVA (covariates: cognitive style, sex, age)
Thepsuthammarat et al. (2012) Cross-sectional 4116 Multiple linear regression (covariates: parent factors were age, education, marital status, and income; child factors were sex, weight, height, gestational age, birth weight, breastfed, hospital admission, mother’s attachment, family size, number of siblings, iodine consumption, and life events)
Tizard et al. (1976) Cross-sectional 109 Correlational, percentages
Tomopoulos et al. (2006) Longitudinal cohort study 73 Pearson correlations, multiple linear regressions
Trawick-Smith (1990) Cross-sectional, observational 32 Regression (covariates: sex, age)
Vieillevoye and Nader-Grosbois (2008) Quasi-controlled experiment 80 Correlations, cluster analysis, multiple regressions (covariate: mental age)
Wolfgang and Stakenas (1985) Cross-sectional 30 Regression (covariates: age, SES, sex)