| RCT | Randomised controlled trial |
| ITT | Intention-to-treat |
| PP | Per-protocol |
| IPW | Inverse probability weighting |
| IPTW | Inverse probability of treatment weighting |
| MSM | Marginal structural model |
| IPW-MSM | Inverse probability weighting as part of a marginal structural model |
| PSM | Propensity score matching |
| ATE | Average treatment effect |
| ATT | Average treatment effect on the treated |
| IPCW | Inverse probability of censoring weighting |
| SMD | Standardised mean difference |
| MI | Multiple imputation |
| MCMC | Markov chain Monte Carlo |
| BART | Bayesian additive regression trees |
| MAR | Missing at Random |
| MNAR | Missing Not at Random |
| EHR | Electronic health record |
| eGFR | Estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| DAG | Directed acyclic graph |
| TARGET | TrAnsparent ReportinG of observational studies Emulating a Target trial reporting guideline |
| AI | Artificial intelligence |