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. 2025 May 15;18(10):2312. doi: 10.3390/ma18102312
PE Polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
PS Polystyrene
PET Polyethylene terephthalate
EBA Ethylene–butyl acrylate
SBS Styrene–butadiene–styrene
SIS Styrene–isoprene–styrene
SBR Styrene-butadiene rubber
SEBS Styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene
WCO Waste cooking oil
UV Ultraviolet
UHI Urban heat island
GHG Greenhouse gas
ICE Internal combustion engine
CO Carbon monoxide
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
SO2 Sulfur dioxide
O3 Ground-level ozone
PM Particulate matter
WHO World Health 232 Organization
LCA Life cycle assessment
HC Hydrocarbons
NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds
Cd Cadmium
As Arsenic
Pb Lead
Hg Mercury
C6H4Cl2 Dichlorobenzene
VOC Volatile organic compounds
PAHs Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
CAGR Compound annual growth rate
LCC Life cycle costing
LCCA Life cycle cost analysis
WEO Waste engine oil
WVO Waste vegetable oil
OMNC Organo-modified nano clay
SiO2 Silica
ZnO Zinc oxide
CaCO3 Calcium carbonate
Al2O3 Aluminum oxide
Fe2O3 Iron oxide
TiO2 Titanium dioxide
CNT Carbon nano tube
LDPE Low-density polyethylene
HDPE High-density polyethylene
AFM Atomic Force Microscopy
FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
ER Energy ratio
SFE Surface free energy
TSR Tensile strength ratio
ITS Indirect tensile strength
RAP Recycled asphalt pavement
WMA Warm mix asphalt
NA Natural asphalt
RA Rock asphalt
TLA Trinidad lake asphalt
BGA Buton granular asphalt
ASB Asbuton
BioCS Bio-oil of coconut shells
VR Vegetable resin
PEW Polyethylene wax
WOO Waste olive oil
O/R Oil/resin ratios
REOBs Re-refined engine oil bottoms
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Authority
PCMs Phase change materials
VO2 Vanadium dioxide
PEGs Polyethylene glycol