Enhancing Privacy in IoT-Enabled Digital Infrastructure: Evaluating Federated Learning for Intrusion and Fraud Detection

. 2025 May 12;25(10):3043. doi: 10.3390/s25103043

Algorithm 1 FedAvg: federated averaging algorithm.

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Input: Number of rounds T, number of clients K, learning rate $η$
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Initialize global model weights $w_{0}$
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for each round $t = 1, \dots, T$ do
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Sample a subset $S_{t}$ of K clients
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for each client $k \in S_{t}$ in parallel do
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Download global model weights $w_{t}$
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Compute local model weights $w_{t + 1}^{k}$ by performing E epochs of SGD on local data
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end for
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Aggregate local models: $w_{t + 1} = \frac{1}{K} \sum_{k \in S_{t}} w_{t + 1}^{k}$
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end for
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Return: final global model weights $w_{T}$