Table 1.
Effect of arsenic stress on growth, physiological functioning, nutrient homeostasis, osmolyte synthesis, and antioxidant activities of different plant species.
| Plant Species | As Concentrations | Growth Media | Major Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maize | 50 mg kg−1 | Pot | Arsenic toxicity decreased RWC, chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis, stomatal size, and density and increased As accumulation in maize shoots. | [71] |
| Maize | 3.2 mg L−1 | Pot | Arsenic decreases leaves, plant height, stem girth, pedunle length, chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis, APX, and SOD activity and increased lipid peroxidation, phytochelatins production, and soil As availability. | [72] |
| Maize | 120 mg kg−1 | Pot | Arsenic toxicity decreased the plant morphological performance, phosphorous accumulation, chlorophyll synthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency and increased MDA and ROS production and As accumulation. | [73] |
| Date Palm | 1 mM | Pot | Arsenic stress decreased root and shoot growth and biomass production, and chlorophyll synthesis and increased oxidative damages, lipid peroxidation, MDA, and O2•− production. | [74] |
| Mustard | 2 mM | Pot | Arsenic stress decreased plant fresh weight (35–47%), root length (38%), shoot length (39%), and chlorophyll synthesis (9–16%) and increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (53–125%), H2O2 production, and nonprotein thiols. | [5] |
| Mustard | 75 mg kg−1 | Pot study | Arsenic toxicity decreased root (25%) and shoot (27%) dry weight, plant height (39%) and leaf area (23%), chlorophyll-a (12%), chlorophyll-b (15%), carotenoid (6%), SOD (65%), POD (23%), APX (28%), GR (32%), and GST (46%) and increased ROS and MDA production. As also increased non-protein thiols, cysteine and phytochelatins, and accumulation and translocation of As. | [75] |
| Wheat | 2 mM | Petri dish | Arsenic toxicity reduced seed germination, seedling growth, chlorophyll synthesis, and antioxidant activities (APX, POD, SOD, and CAT) and increased the production of TBARS, lipid peroxidation, and H2O2. | [76] |
| Wheat | 100 μM | Pot | Arsenic stress increased EL, antioxidant activities, MDA and H2O2 production, and accumulation of osmolytes. Further, As also decreased RWC, photosynthetic efficiency, chlorophyll synthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. | [77] |
| Wheat | 60 mg kg−1 | Pot | Arsenic toxicity inhibited the plant growth, productivity, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative damages, and As accumulation in roots and shoots and increased APX, SOD, and POD activities. | [78] |
| Wheat | 70 μM | Pot | Arsenic toxicity declined plant height, tillers, spike length, crop growth rate, stomatal conductance, and soil N, P, and K availability, and increased EL and As accumulation in wheat tissues. | [79] |
| Wheat | 2.02 mg kg−1 | Pot | Arsenic toxicity decreased plant height, plant biomass, spike length, grain weight, chlorophyll synthesis, and SPAD contents and increased MDA, EL, and H2O2 production, and As accumulation in roots, shoots, and grains. | [80] |
| Rice | 70 µM | Pot | Arsenic stress decreased shoot (53%) and root length (64%) and their biomass (51–67%), photosynthetic rate (49%), stomatal conductance (2%), CO2 concentration (51%), MDA (33%) and transpiration rate (38%), tissue nitrogen (12%), potassium (16%), and zinc (18%) concentration and increased SOD (28%), POD (49%), and CAT (46%) activities. | [81] |
| Rice | 2 mg L−1 | Hydroponic | Arsenic decreased root and shoot growth and biomass, chlorophyll synthesis (27.3%), SOD activity (34.46%), increased EL (8.8–15.4%), and increased root and shoot As concentration. | [82] |
| Rice | 10 μmol L−1 | Hydroponic | Arsenic toxicity decreased root and shoot elongation, biomass production, root surface area, grain weight, and grain yield and increased As accumulation in plant tissues. | [83] |
| Rice | 150 μM | Hydroponic | Arsenic toxicity declined root length (21%), shoot length (11%), fresh biomass (35%), dry biomass (36%), chlorophyll synthesis (55%), and anthocyanins (25%) and increased Mg concentration (61%), AAO activity (36%), and proline synthesis (97%). | [84] |
| Rice | 1 mM | Pot | Arsenic toxicity decreased plant dry biomass (35%), RWC (27%), and chlorophyll synthesis (44%) and increased As accumulation, proline synthesis (177%), MDA (27%), H2O2 (89%) production, and increased antixidant activities. | [85] |
| Spinach | 100 mg kg−1 | Pot | The plant growth, chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, free amino acid synthesis, and tissue zinc and manganese synthesis were significantly decreased under As stress. | [86] |
| Tomato | 3.2 mg L−1 | Peat moss | Arsenic decreased shoot and root dry biomass by 8.53% and 11.57%, Ca concentration in leaves (43.7%) and fruits (38.31%), and increased As accumulation, H2O2 production, and flavonoids contents. | [87] |
| Barley | 150 μm | Hydroponic | Arsenic treatment decreased shoot length (33.4%), root length (27.9%), shoot (36.3%) and root (25.6%) fresh biomass, chlorophyll synthesis, and fluorescence and increased MDA and ROS production, As accretion in roots and shoots, and decreased Ca uptake. Further, As toxicity also increased the expression of As transport genes. | [88] |
| Bamboo | 250 μM | Tissue culture chamber | Arsenic accumulation, translocation factor, bioaccumulation factor, soluble sugars, and membrane stability were decreased under As stress. Further, As increased ROS production and antioxidant activities. | [89] |
| Lentil | 100 mg kg−1 | Pot | Arsenic toxicity decreased soil phosphorous, potassium, nitrogen and sulfur availability, root and shoot length, and biomass production and increased As uptake and accumulation in roots and shoots of lentil. | [90] |
RWC: relative water contents, APX: ascorbate peroxidase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, As: arsenic, MDA: malondialdehyde, H2O2: hydrogen peroxide, POD: peroxidase, GR: glutathione reductase, GST: glutathione S-transferases, ROS: reactive oxygen species, EL: electrolyte leakage, N: nitrogen, P: phosphorus, K: potassium, CO2: carbon dioxide, AAO: ascorbate oxidase, Ca: calcium, Mg: magnesium.