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. 2025 May 19;17(10):1393. doi: 10.3390/polym17101393
η The viscosity of the fluid
η0 The viscosity of the first Newtonian region
η The viscosity of the second Newtonian region
λ The characteristic time, which is directly related to the material properties
m The fluid behavior index, which is related to the material properties
γ˙ The shear rate
γ The strain of the fluid
m(tt′) The memory function, which is time derivative of relaxation modulus
h(γ) The damping function, which can be used for describing the nonlinear rheological response
γ(t, t′) The deformation history from time t′ to t
gi The relaxation modulus
λi The relaxation time
N The number of the Maxwell models
G′(ω) The storage modulus of the fluid
G″(ω) The loss modulus of the fluid
G(t) The linear stress relaxation modulus
G(t,γ) The nonlinear stress relaxation modulus
γc The critical strain of the fluid
α The fitting parameter of the damping function
ω The oscillation frequency