. 2025 May 14;16:1569602. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1569602

TABLE 2.

Overview of the ROR, PRR, BCPNN, and EBGM methods, including their formulas and threshold values.

Method	Formula	Threshold
ROR	$ROR = \frac{a / c}{b / d}$	$a \geq 3$
	$SE (lnROR) = \sqrt{\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{1}{c} + \frac{1}{d}}$	ROR $\geq 3$
	$95 % CI = e^{\ln (ROR) \pm 1.96 se}$	95%CI (lower limit) > 1
PRR	$PRR = \frac{a / (a + b)}{c / c + d}$	$a \geq 3$
	$SE (lnPRR) = \frac{1}{a} - \frac{1}{a + b} + \frac{1}{c} - \frac{1}{c + d}$	ROR $\geq 2$
	$95 % CI = e^{\ln (PRR) \pm 1.96 se}$	95% CI (lower limit) > 1
BCPNN	$IC = \log_{2} \frac{p (x, y)}{p (x) p (γ)} = \log_{2} \frac{a (a + b + c + d)}{(a + b) (a + c)}$	IC025 > 0
	$E (IC) = \log_{2} \frac{(a + γ^{11}) (a + b + c + d + a) (a + b + c + d + β)}{(a + b + c + d + γ) (a + b + α 1) (a + c + β 1)}$
	$V (IC) = \frac{1}{{(\ln 2)}^{2}} [\frac{(a + b + c + d) - a + γ - γ^{11}}{(a + γ^{11})} + \frac{(a + b + c + d) - (a + b) - α 1}{(a + b + α 1) (a + b + c + d + α)} + \frac{(a + b + c + d + a) - (a + c) + β - β 1}{(a + b + β 1) (1 + a + b + c + d + β)}$
	$γ = γ^{11} \frac{(a + b + c + d + a) (a + b + c + d + β)}{(a + b + α 1) (a + c + β 1)}$
	$IC - 2 SD = E (IC) - 2 \sqrt{V (IC)}$
EBGM	$EBGM = \frac{a (a + b + c + d)}{(a + b) (a + c)}$	EBGM05 > 2
	$SE (\ln EBGM) = \sqrt{\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b} + \frac{1}{c} + \frac{1}{d}}$
	$95 % CI = e^{\ln (EBGM) \pm 1.96 se}$

Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; N, the number of reports; χ², chi-squared; IC, information component; IC025, the lower limit of 95% CI of the IC; EBGM, empirical Bayesian geometric mean; EBGM05, the lower limit of 95% CI of EBGM.